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However, patterns of self- and child-focused reappraisal and rumination and their associations with parental exhaustion, children\u2019s internalizing problems, children\u2019s academic achievement, and parent\u2013child relationships remain underexplored. Our preregistered three-wave online study targeted U.S. parents of sixth\u2013ninth graders (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091,046; 51.53% mothers;\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u200943.22). We employed latent profile analyses and latent transition analyses. Results revealed three profiles of parental self- and child-focused emotion regulation strategies, stable across a 4-month timeframe:\n                    <jats:italic>Reappraisers<\/jats:italic>\n                    (T\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009\u2248\u20099%, T\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009\u2248\u20097%) showed high use of self- and child-focused reappraisal,\n                    <jats:italic>self-ruminators<\/jats:italic>\n                    (T\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009\u2248\u200925%, T\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009\u2248\u200931%) reported high self-focused rumination and low use of other strategies, and\n                    <jats:italic>average regulators<\/jats:italic>\n                    (T\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009\u2248\u200966%, T\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009\u2248\u200961%) showed moderate use of all strategies. In addition,\n                    <jats:italic>reappraisers<\/jats:italic>\n                    reported the lowest levels of parental exhaustion and children\u2019s internalizing problems and the highest parent\u2013child relationship closeness. By contrast,\n                    <jats:italic>self-ruminators<\/jats:italic>\n                    reported the highest levels of parental exhaustion and children\u2019s internalizing problems and the lowest parent\u2013child relationship closeness. However, profile membership did not predict children\u2019s academic achievement. The study provides important insights into distinct subgroups of parents on the basis of their combined use of self- and child-focused emotion regulation strategies, highlighting the differential relations of these strategies on parental well-being and child outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s44271-026-00469-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T09:34:34Z","timestamp":1778924074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal profiles of parental self- and child-focused emotion regulation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2635-9922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gesine","family":"Jordan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Stockinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Schiltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Greiff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3745-9021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziwen","family":"Teuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"469_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00113-6","volume":"30","author":"N Garnefski","year":"2001","unstructured":"Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V. & Spinhoven, P. 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