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In this context, item heterogeneity plays a critical role, as within-person processes may vary across items within a scale. A common example is the assessment of momentary affect using adjective lists (e.g., sad, angry, anxious, stressed), where each item captures different facets of positive or negative affect, providing unique and non-interchangeable information. However, standard practices often overlook item heterogeneity by aggregating item scores or assuming a single within-person factor in dynamic structural equation models. This simplification does not permit a fine-grained analysis of within-person dynamics and compromises cross-study comparability when item pools differ across studies. In this article, we reanalyze five large-scale intensive longitudinal datasets assessing momentary affect to illustrate how item heterogeneity can be explicitly modeled. We introduce a flexible modeling approach that accommodates item-specific and person-specific dynamics while improving psychometric comparability across studies, based on residual dynamic structural equation modeling with reference items. We compare this method to conventional modeling strategies and provide practical guidance for addressing item heterogeneity in the analysis of intensive longitudinal data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s44271-026-00473-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T16:53:57Z","timestamp":1787158437000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving the comparability of momentary affect assessments and accounting for item-specific effects in within-person affect dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8143-3566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Koch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7760-764X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam F.","family":"J\u00e4hne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5296-5267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Koslowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2460-0943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Koval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4326-5127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanja","family":"Lischetzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1643-9408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"McNeish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7949-0772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Holtmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"473_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911211067538","volume":"30","author":"C Wrzus","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wrzus, C. & Neubauer, A. 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