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To further understand the neural mechanisms underlying this ability, we examined event-related spectral perturbations (ERSP) in three cued switching tasks (parity\/magnitude, global\/local, number\/letter) in a sample of 148 adults. Employing a data-driven approach that combined mass-univariate time-frequency analysis, cluster-based permutation testing, and latent change structural equation modeling, we identified two robust neural signatures: a transient frontal theta increase and a sustained alpha\/beta suppression. Both effects were more pronounced in switch compared to repeat trials. Frontal theta reflected task-specific control processes, whereas parietal alpha\/beta indexed domain-general attentional processes that persisted from cue onset through target processing\u2013consistent with two-stage models of task switching. Notably, flexibility-related alpha\/beta dynamics did not correlate with measures of intelligence or working memory capacity. However, stronger cue-elicited alpha\/beta suppression correlated with reduced non-decision-time switch costs, indicating more effective task preparation, underscoring that alpha\/beta suppression captures a neurally coherent but behaviorally distinct dimension of cognitive flexibility. These findings provide evidence that alpha\/beta suppression constitutes a reliable, cross-task generalizable neural signature of attentional reconfiguration during task switching, while highlighting the multi-component nature of individual differences in cognitive flexibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s44271-026-00521-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T14:02:55Z","timestamp":1792072975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Task-specific theta enhancement and domain-general alpha\/beta suppression as oscillatory signatures of cognitive flexibility"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5542-938X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mareike","family":"H\u00fclsemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8870-8190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"L\u00f6ffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7248-0662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna-Lena","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"521_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000144","volume":"144","author":"I Koch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koch, I., Poljac, E., M\u00fcller, H. & Kiesel, A. 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