{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:52:38Z","timestamp":1791381158729,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Psychol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    High neuroticism is a risk factor for mental disorders. Understanding whether individuals share a common foundation in brain function underlying neuroticism is therefore an essential goal of neuroscience. We applied Inter-Subject Representational Similarity Analysis on data from 174 Human Connectome Project participants to investigate if their similarity in neuroticism is reflected in their similarity of fMRI-recorded brain activity during movie watching. To test behavioral personality theories that consider trait expression as dependent on situational context, we examined whether brain-trait representational similarity varied between trait-relevant and trait-irrelevant movie scenes (independently rated,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200986). Higher neuroticism was associated with greater heterogeneity in brain responses, a pattern that was particularly pronounced during trait-relevant scenes. Our study informs dimensional conceptualizations of psychopathology viewing neuroticism as risk factor and extends behavioral personality theories to the level of brain function. Broadly, it highlights the value of naturalistic imaging and underscores the importance of stimulus selection when investigating brain-behavior associations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s44271-026-00541-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T11:25:42Z","timestamp":1791372342000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trait-relevant movies amplify neuroticism-associated brain responses"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1704-9890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna L.","family":"Popp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0569-0907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Wei\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Faskowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3940-5884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten","family":"Hilger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"541_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1992.6.4.343","volume":"6","author":"PT Costa","year":"1992","unstructured":"Costa, P. T. & McCrae, R. R. The five-factor model of personality and its relevance to personality disorders. J. Personal. Disord. 6, 343\u2013359 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Personal. Disord."},{"key":"541_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.59.6.1216","volume":"59","author":"LR Goldberg","year":"1990","unstructured":"Goldberg, L. R. An alternative \u2018description of personality\u2019: the big-five factor structure. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 59, 1216\u20131229 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"541_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2010.00327.x","volume":"4","author":"CG DeYoung","year":"2010","unstructured":"DeYoung, C. G. Personality neuroscience and the biology of traits. Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass 4, 1165\u20131180 (2010).","journal-title":"Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass"},{"key":"541_CR4","unstructured":"DeYoung, C. G., Grazioplene, R. G. & Allen, T. A. The neurobiology of personality. in Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, 193\u2013216 (The Guilford Press, 2021)."},{"key":"541_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DeYoung, C. G. & Gray, J. R. Personality neuroscience: explaining individual differences in affect, behaviour and cognition. in The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology, 323\u2013346 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511596544.023 (Cambridge University Press, 2009).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511596544.023"},{"key":"541_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716001653","volume":"46","author":"BF Jeronimus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jeronimus, B. F., Kotov, R., Riese, H. & Ormel, J. Neuroticism\u2019s prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal\/prospective studies with 443 313 participants. Psychol. Med. 46, 2883\u20132906 (2016).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"541_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-004-0873-y","volume":"39","author":"J Ormel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ormel, J., Rosmalen, J. & Farmer, A. Neuroticism: a non-informative marker of vulnerability to psychopathology. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 39, 906\u2013912 (2004).","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"541_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.04.003","volume":"33","author":"J Ormel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ormel, J. et al. Neuroticism and common mental disorders: meaning and utility of a complex relationship. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 33, 686\u2013697 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"541_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2015.80","volume":"18","author":"MG Nivard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nivard, M. G., Middeldorp, C. M., Dolan, C. V. & Boomsma, D. I. Genetic and environmental stability of neuroticism from adolescence to adulthood. Twin Res. Hum. Genet. 18, 746\u2013754 (2015).","journal-title":"Twin Res. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"541_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0151-7","volume":"50","author":"M Nagel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nagel, M. et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for neuroticism in 449,484 individuals identifies novel genetic loci and pathways. Nat. Genet. 50, 920\u2013927 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"541_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/pen.2018.8","volume":"1","author":"J Dubois","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dubois, J., Galdi, P., Han, Y., Paul, L. K. & Adolphs, R. Resting-state functional brain connectivity best predicts the personality dimension of openness to experience. Personal. Neurosci. 1, e6 (2018).","journal-title":"Personal. Neurosci."},{"key":"541_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03435-y","volume":"15","author":"D Nie\u00dfen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nie\u00dfen, D. et al. 7-Tesla ultra-high field MRI of the parahippocampal cortex reveals evidence of common neurobiological mechanisms of major depressive disorder and neurotic personality traits. Transl. Psychiatry 15, 227 (2025).","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"541_CR13","unstructured":"Gray, J. A. & McNaughton, N. The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System (Second Edition) (Oxford University Press, 2000)."},{"key":"541_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.04.027","volume":"42","author":"BW Haas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Haas, B. W., Constable, R. T. & Canli, T. Stop the sadness: neuroticism is associated with sustained medial prefrontal cortex response to emotional facial expressions. Neuroimage 42, 385\u2013392 (2008).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"541_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6422","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0022-06.2006","volume":"26","author":"LM Williams","year":"2006","unstructured":"Williams, L. M. et al. The mellow years? Neural basis of improving emotional stability over age. J. Neurosci. 26, 6422\u20136430 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"541_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Netter, P. Personality and hormones. in On the Psychobiology of Personality: Essays in Honor of Marvin Zuckerman, 353\u2013377 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-008044209-9\/50020-8 (2004).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008044209-9\/50020-8"},{"key":"541_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.10.029","volume":"635","author":"AJ Szameitat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Szameitat, A. J., Saylik, R. & Parton, A. Neuroticism related differences in the functional neuroanatomical correlates of multitasking. An fMRI study. Neurosci. Lett. 635, 51\u201355 (2016).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"541_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0208248","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208248","volume":"13","author":"R Saylik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saylik, R., Szameitat, A. J. & Cheeta, S. Neuroticism related differences in working memory tasks. PLoS ONE 13, e0208248 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"541_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.7.2.336","volume":"7","author":"MW Eysenck","year":"2007","unstructured":"Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R. & Calvo, M. G. Anxiety and cognitive performance: attentional control theory. Emotion 7, 336\u2013353 (2007).","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"541_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.12.010","volume":"16","author":"TS Braver","year":"2012","unstructured":"Braver, T. S. The variable nature of cognitive control: a dual mechanisms framework. Trends Cogn. Sci. 16, 106\u2013113 (2012).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"541_CR21","unstructured":"Fahrenberg, J. Psychophysiology of neuroticism and anxiety. in Handbook of Individual Differences: Biological Perspectives, 179\u2013226 (John Wiley & Sons, 1992)."},{"key":"541_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3109\/00048678909062588","volume":"23","author":"AF Jorm","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jorm, A. F. Modifiability of trait anxiety and neuroticism: a meta-analysis of the literature. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry 23, 21\u201329 (1989).","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"541_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105055","volume":"146","author":"J Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin, J. et al. Neural correlates of neuroticism: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of resting-state functional brain imaging studies. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 146, 105055 (2023).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"541_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.05.005","volume":"37","author":"MN Servaas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Servaas, M. N. et al. Neuroticism and the brain: a quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies investigating emotion processing. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 37, 1518\u20131529 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"541_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25395","volume":"42","author":"X Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, X. et al. Gray matter structures associated with neuroticism: a meta-analysis of whole-brain voxel-based morphometry studies. Hum. Brain Mapp. 42, 2706\u20132721 (2021).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"541_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.12.009","volume":"32","author":"J Jackson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jackson, J., Balota, D. A. & Head, D. Exploring the relationship between personality and regional brain volume in healthy aging. Neurobiol. Aging 32, 2162\u20132171 (2011).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"541_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22108","volume":"34","author":"D Kapogiannis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kapogiannis, D., Sutin, A., Davatzikos, C., Costa, P. & Resnick, S. The five factors of personality and regional cortical variability in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of aging. Hum. Brain Mapp. 34, 2829\u20132840 (2012).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"541_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.005","volume":"58","author":"C Br\u00fcck","year":"2011","unstructured":"Br\u00fcck, C., Kreifelts, B., Kaza, E., Lotze, M. & Wildgruber, D. Impact of personality on the cerebral processing of emotional prosody. NeuroImage 58, 259\u2013268 (2011).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"541_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711000043","volume":"41","author":"EJ Thomas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thomas, E. J. et al. Interaction between a history of depression and rumination on neural response to emotional faces. Psychol. Med. 41, 1845\u20131855 (2011).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"541_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.10.062","volume":"186","author":"W Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, W., Kohn, N. & Fern\u00e1ndez, G. Intersubject similarity of personality is associated with intersubject similarity of brain connectivity patterns. NeuroImage 186, 56\u201369 (2019).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"541_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.05.004","volume":"23","author":"S Sonkusare","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sonkusare, S., Breakspear, M. & Guo, C. Naturalistic stimuli in neuroscience: critically acclaimed. Trends Cogn. Sci. 23, 699\u2013714 (2019).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"541_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.07.069","volume":"122","author":"T Vanderwal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vanderwal, T., Kelly, C., Eilbott, J., Mayes, L. C. & Castellanos, F. X. Inscapes: a movie paradigm to improve compliance in functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage 122, 222\u2013232 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"541_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.06.027","volume":"157","author":"T Vanderwal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vanderwal, T. et al. Individual differences in functional connectivity during naturalistic viewing conditions. NeuroImage 157, 521\u2013530 (2017).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"541_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116860","volume":"217","author":"SB Eickhoff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eickhoff, S. B., Milham, M. & Vanderwal, T. Towards clinical applications of movie fMRI. NeuroImage 217, 116860 (2020).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"541_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089506","volume":"303","author":"U Hasson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hasson, U., Nir, Y., Levy, I., Fuhrmann, G. & Malach, R. Intersubject synchronization of cortical activity during natural vision. Science 303, 1634\u20131640 (2004).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"541_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.10.011","volume":"14","author":"U Hasson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hasson, U., Malach, R. & Heeger, D. J. Reliability of cortical activity during natural stimulation. Trends Cogn. Sci. 14, 40\u201348 (2010).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"541_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116828","volume":"215","author":"ES Finn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Finn, E. S. et al. Idiosynchrony: from shared responses to individual differences during naturalistic neuroimaging. Neuroimage 215, 116828 (2020).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"541_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.117963","volume":"235","author":"ES Finn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Finn, E. S. & Bandettini, P. A. Movie-watching outperforms rest for functional connectivity-based prediction of behavior. NeuroImage 235, 117963 (2021).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"541_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117277","volume":"223","author":"J Gao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gao, J. et al. Reliability map of individual differences reflected in inter-subject correlation in naturalistic imaging. NeuroImage 223, 117277 (2020).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"541_CR40","first-page":"667","volume":"14","author":"SA Nastase","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nastase, S. A., Gazzola, V., Hasson, U. & Keysers, C. Measuring shared responses across subjects using intersubject correlation. Soc. Cogn. Affect Neurosci. 14, 667\u2013685 (2019).","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect Neurosci."},{"key":"541_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04387-2","volume":"9","author":"ES Finn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Finn, E. S., Corlett, P. R., Chen, G., Bandettini, P. A. & Constable, R. T. Trait paranoia shapes inter-subject synchrony in brain activity during an ambiguous social narrative. Nat. Commun. 9, 2043 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"541_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsy099","volume":"13","author":"M Bacha-Trams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bacha-Trams, M. et al. A drama movie activates brains of holistic and analytical thinkers differentially. Soc. Cogn. Affect Neurosci. 13, 1293\u20131304 (2018).","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect Neurosci."},{"key":"541_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108987","volume":"204","author":"K Klamer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Klamer, K., Craig, J., Haines, C., Sullivan, K. & Ekstrand, C. Psychological well-being modulates neural synchrony during naturalistic fMRI. Neuropsychologia 204, 108987 (2024).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"541_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116851","volume":"216","author":"P-HA Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, P.-H. A., Jolly, E., Cheong, J. H. & Chang, L. J. Intersubject representational similarity analysis reveals individual variations in affective experience when watching erotic movies. NeuroImage 216, 116851 (2020).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"541_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116217","volume":"216","author":"DC Gruskin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gruskin, D. C., Rosenberg, M. D. & Holmes, A. J. Relationships between depressive symptoms and brain responses during emotional movie viewing emerge in adolescence. NeuroImage 216, 116217 (2020).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"541_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18237-1","volume":"12","author":"SC Matz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matz, S. C., Hyon, R., Baek, E. C., Parkinson, C. & Cerf, M. Personality similarity predicts synchronous neural responses in fMRI and EEG data. Sci. Rep. 12, 14325 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"541_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2014.07.004","volume":"56","author":"CG DeYoung","year":"2015","unstructured":"DeYoung, C. G. Cybernetic Big Five Theory. J. Res. Personal. 56, 33\u201358 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Res. Personal."},{"key":"541_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.3.500","volume":"88","author":"RP Tett","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tett, R. P. & Burnett, D. D. A personality trait-based interactionist model of job performance. J. Appl. Psychol. 88, 500\u2013517 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"541_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eysenck, H. J. & Eysenck, M. W. Personality and Individual Differences https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4613-2413-3 (Springer, 1985).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-2413-3"},{"key":"541_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray, H. A. & McAdams, D. P. Explorations in Personality (Oxford University Press, 2007).","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195305067.001.0001"},{"key":"541_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.43.1.23","volume":"43","author":"DT Kenrick","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kenrick, D. T. & Funder, D. C. Profiting from controversy: lessons from the person-situation debate. Am. Psychol. 43, 23\u201334 (1988).","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"541_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12016","volume":"7","author":"PJ Corr","year":"2013","unstructured":"Corr, P. J., DeYoung, C. G. & McNaughton, N. Motivation and personality: a neuropsychological perspective. Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass 7, 158\u2013175 (2013).","journal-title":"Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass"},{"key":"541_CR53","first-page":"631","volume":"5","author":"K Hilger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hilger, K. & Markett, S. Personality network neuroscience: promises and challenges on the way toward a unifying framework of individual variability. Netw. Neurosci. 5, 631\u2013645 (2021).","journal-title":"Netw. Neurosci."},{"key":"541_CR54","unstructured":"Eysenck, H. J. The Biological Basis of Personality (Springfield, III.: CC Thomas, 1967)."},{"key":"541_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04920-3","volume":"9","author":"AS Greene","year":"2018","unstructured":"Greene, A. S., Gao, S., Scheinost, D. & Constable, R. T. Task-induced brain state manipulation improves prediction of individual traits. Nat. Commun. 9, 2807 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"541_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08231-4","volume":"8","author":"JL Popp","year":"2025","unstructured":"Popp, J. L. et al. Structural-functional brain network coupling during cognitive demand reveals intelligence-relevant communication strategies. Commun. Biol. 8, 855 (2025).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"541_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popp, J. L. et al. Trait-relevant tasks improve personality prediction from structural-functional brain network coupling. Hum. Brain Mapp. 47, e70533 (2026).","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70533"},{"key":"541_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.03.064","volume":"160","author":"ES Finn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Finn, E. S. et al. Can brain state be manipulated to emphasize individual differences in functional connectivity? Neuroimage 160, 140\u2013151 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"541_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2023.08.020","volume":"63","author":"MC Camacho","year":"2024","unstructured":"Camacho, M. C. et al. Higher intersubject variability in neural response to narrative social stimuli among youth with higher social anxiety. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 63, 549\u2013560 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"541_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2025.106295","volume":"186","author":"J Jang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jang, J. & Kim, J. Consistency of affective responses to naturalistic stimuli across individuals using intersubject correlation analysis based on neuroimaging data. Brain Cogn. 186, 106295 (2025).","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"541_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70164","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70164","volume":"46","author":"X Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, X., Eickhoff, S. B. & Weis, S. Stimulus selection influences prediction of individual phenotypes in naturalistic conditions. Hum. Brain Mapp. 46, e70164 (2025).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"541_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26622","volume":"45","author":"M Nanni-Zepeda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nanni-Zepeda, M. et al. Neural signatures of shared subjective affective engagement and disengagement during movie viewing. Hum. Brain Mapp. 45, e26622 (2024).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"541_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9599","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206095109","volume":"109","author":"L Nummenmaa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nummenmaa, L. et al. Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109, 9599\u20139604 (2012).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"541_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.07.063","volume":"102","author":"L Nummenmaa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nummenmaa, L. et al. Emotional speech synchronizes brains across listeners and engages large-scale dynamic brain networks. NeuroImage 102, 498\u2013509 (2014).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"541_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.041","volume":"80","author":"DC Van Essen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van Essen, D. C. et al. The WU-Minn Human Connectome Project: an overview. Neuroimage 80, 62\u201379 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"541_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cutting, J., Brunick, K. & Candan Simsek, A. Perceiving event dynamics and parsing Hollywood films. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 38, 1476 (2012).","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027737"},{"key":"541_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.4.1.5","volume":"4","author":"PT Costa","year":"1992","unstructured":"Costa, P. T. & McCrae, R. R. Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: the NEO Personality Inventory. Psychol. Assess. 4, 5\u201313 (1992).","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"541_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCrae, R. R. & Costa Jr., P. T. A contemplated revision of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Personal. Individ. Differ. 36, 587\u2013596 (2004).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(03)00118-1"},{"key":"541_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.10.022","volume":"54","author":"N Beckmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Beckmann, N., Beckmann, J. F., Minbashian, A. & Birney, D. P. In the heat of the moment: on the effect of state neuroticism on task performance. Personal. Individ. Differ. 54, 447\u2013452 (2013).","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"541_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.12.073","volume":"171","author":"L Parkes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parkes, L., Fulcher, B., Y\u00fccel, M. & Fornito, A. An evaluation of the efficacy, reliability, and sensitivity of motion correction strategies for resting-state functional MRI. NeuroImage 171, 415\u2013436 (2018).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"541_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.127","volume":"80","author":"MF Glasser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Glasser, M. F. et al. The minimal preprocessing pipelines for the Human Connectome Project. NeuroImage 80, 105\u2013124 (2013).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"541_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120010","volume":"273","author":"X Yan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yan, X. et al. Homotopic local-global parcellation of the human cerebral cortex from resting-state functional connectivity. Neuroimage 273, 120010 (2023).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"541_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx179","volume":"28","author":"A Schaefer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schaefer, A. et al. Local-global parcellation of the human cerebral cortex from intrinsic functional connectivity MRI. Cereb. Cortex 28, 3095\u20133114 (2018).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"541_CR74","unstructured":"Finn, E. S. & Chang, L. Inter-subject Representational Similarity Analysis. Naturalistic Data Analysis http:\/\/naturalistic-data.org\/content\/Intersubject_RSA.html (2021)."},{"key":"541_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeo, B. T. T. et al. The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. J. Neurophysiol. 106, 1125\u20131165 (2011).","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00338.2011"},{"key":"541_CR76","unstructured":"Banjanovic, E. S. & Osborne, J. W. Confidence intervals for effect sizes: applying bootstrap resampling. Pract. Assess. Res. Eval. 21, 5 (2016)."},{"key":"541_CR77","first-page":"209","volume":"27","author":"N Mantel","year":"1967","unstructured":"Mantel, N. The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Res. 27, 209\u2013220 (1967).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"541_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B (Methodol.) 57, 289\u2013300 (1995).","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B (Methodol.)"},{"key":"541_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930541000084","volume":"19","author":"J Hewig","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hewig, J. et al. A revised film set for the induction of basic emotions. Cogn. Emot. 19, 1095\u20131109 (2005).","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"541_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/02699939508408966","volume":"9","author":"JJ Gross","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gross, J. J. & Levenson, R. W. Emotion elicitation using films. Cogn. Emot. 9, 87\u2013108 (1995).","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"541_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E7900","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1702247114","volume":"114","author":"AS Cowen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cowen, A. S. & Keltner, D. Self-report captures 27 distinct categories of emotion bridged by continuous gradients. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 114, E7900\u2013E7909 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"541_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12574","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1608282113","volume":"113","author":"DS Margulies","year":"2016","unstructured":"Margulies, D. S. et al. Situating the default-mode network along a principal gradient of macroscale cortical organization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113, 12574\u201312579 (2016).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"541_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5487-07.2008","volume":"28","author":"U Hasson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hasson, U., Yang, E., Vallines, I., Heeger, D. J. & Rubin, N. A hierarchy of temporal receptive windows in human cortex. J. Neurosci. 28, 2539\u20132550 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"541_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.10.011","volume":"9","author":"MP Hyett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hyett, M. P. et al. Scene unseen: disrupted neuronal adaptation in melancholia during emotional film viewing. NeuroImage Clin. 9, 660\u2013667 (2015).","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"541_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11605","volume":"5","author":"CC Guo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guo, C. C., Nguyen, V. T., Hyett, M. P., Parker, G. B. & Breakspear, M. J. Out-of-sync: disrupted neural activity in emotional circuitry during film viewing in melancholic depression. Sci. Rep. 5, 11605 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"541_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.266","volume":"6","author":"EK Graham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Graham, E. K. et al. Is healthy neuroticism associated with health behaviors? A coordinated integrative data analysis. Collabra Psychol. 6, 32 (2020).","journal-title":"Collabra Psychol."},{"key":"541_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.04.014","volume":"84","author":"T M\u00e4ntyl\u00e4","year":"2018","unstructured":"M\u00e4ntyl\u00e4, T. et al. Aberrant cortical integration in first-episode psychosis during natural audiovisual processing. Biol. Psychiatry 84, 655\u2013664 (2018).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"541_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000258","volume":"126","author":"R Kotov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kotov, R. et al. The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): a dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 126, 454\u2013477 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"541_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02297","volume":"37","author":"CG DeYoung","year":"2025","unstructured":"DeYoung, C. G. et al. Beyond increasing sample sizes: optimizing effect sizes in neuroimaging research on individual differences. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 37, 1023\u20131034 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"541_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04492-9","volume":"603","author":"S Marek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marek, S. et al. Reproducible brain-wide association studies require thousands of individuals. Nature 603, 654\u2013660 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"541_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Popp, J. L. Trait-relevant movies amplify neuroticism-associated brain responses. Neural_Code_of_Neuroticism (V1.1.0). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.21508484 (2026).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.21508484"},{"key":"541_CR92","unstructured":"Hasson Lab. Hasson Lab, Princeton University https:\/\/hassonlab.princeton.edu\/home (Hasson Lab, 2025)."}],"container-title":["Communications Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44271-026-00541-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44271-026-00541-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44271-026-00541-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:02:31Z","timestamp":1791378151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44271-026-00541-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["541"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44271-026-00541-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-9121"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-9121","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"134"}}