{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T11:52:02Z","timestamp":1781869922461,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19OC0055825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19OC0055825"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0080322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0080322"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Imaging"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s44303-026-00180-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T05:36:02Z","timestamp":1781674562000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Complementary hyperpolarized 13C and 15N MRI reveal divergent signatures of hepatic injury and methyl-donor metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Ingeborg S.","family":"Skre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan D.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Heredia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vebj\u00f8rn S.","family":"Skre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathilde H.","family":"Lerche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"180_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2019.04.007","volume":"8","author":"WP Esler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Esler, W. P. & Bence, K. K. Metabolic targets in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.8, 247\u2013267 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"180_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10158","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1733835100","volume":"100","author":"JH Ardenkj\u00e6r-Larsen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ardenkj\u00e6r-Larsen, J. H. et al. Increase in signal-to-noise ratio of >10,000 times in liquid-state NMR. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA100, 10158\u201310163 (2003).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"180_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10855","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-2564","volume":"66","author":"K Golman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Golman, K., Zandt, R. in\u2019t, Lerche, M., Pehrson, R. & Ardenkj\u00e6r-Larsen, J. H. Metabolic imaging by hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance imaging for in vivo tumor diagnosis. Cancer Res.66, 10855\u201310860 (2006). s.","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"180_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46014","volume":"7","author":"DM Wilson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilson, D. M. et al. Hyperpolarized 13C spectroscopic evaluation of oxidative stress in a rodent model of steatohepatitis. Sci. Rep.7, 46014 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"180_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15222","volume":"42","author":"Z Ye","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ye, Z., Song, B., Lee, P. M., Ohliger, M. A. & Laustsen, C. Hyperpolarized carbon 13 MRI in liver diseases: Recent advances and future opportunities. Liver Int.42, 973\u2013983 (2022).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"180_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-019-01322-9","volume":"21","author":"CM Moon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moon, C. M. et al. Metabolic changes in different stages of liver fibrosis: In vivo hyperpolarized 13C MR spectroscopy and metabolic imaging. Mol. Imaging Biol.21, 842\u2013851 (2019).","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"180_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-024-01936-8","volume":"26","author":"CM Moon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moon, C. M. et al. In vivo hyperpolarized metabolic imaging to monitor the progression of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-related hepatitis to liver fibrosis. Mol. Imaging Biol.26, 649\u2013657 (2024).","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"180_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.08.118","volume":"482","author":"CM Moon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moon, C. M. et al. Metabolic biomarkers for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease induced by high-fat diet: In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy of hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.482, 112\u2013119 (2017).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"180_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2016.06.002","volume":"34","author":"GW Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim, G. W., Ahn, K. Y., Kim, Y. H. & Jeong, G. W. Time-course metabolic changes in high-fat diet-induced obesity rats: A pilot study using hyperpolarized 13C dynamic MRS. Magn. Reson. Imaging.34, 1199\u20131205 (2016).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging."},{"key":"180_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29954","volume":"91","author":"J Piraquive Agudelo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Piraquive Agudelo, J. et al. Hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate MRSI to detect metabolic changes in liver in a methionine and choline-deficient diet rat model of fatty liver disease. Magn. Reson. Med.91, 1625\u20131636 (2024).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"180_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muriel, P., Ramos-Tovar, E., Montes-P\u00e1ez, G. & Buend\u00eda-Monta\u00f1o, L. D. Experimental Models of Liver Damage Mediated by Oxidative Stress. In Liver Pathophysiology (ed. Muriel, P.) 529\u2013546 (Academic Press, 2017).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804274-8.00040-0"},{"key":"180_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2017.09.020","volume":"11","author":"JJ Miller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miller, J. J. et al. Hyperpolarized [1,4-13C2]fumarate enables magnetic resonance-based imaging of myocardial necrosis. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging.11, 1594\u20131606 (2018).","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging."},{"key":"180_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40812","volume":"7","author":"PM Nielsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nielsen, P. M. et al. Fumarase activity: an in vivo and in vitro biomarker for acute kidney injury. Sci. Rep.7, 40812 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"180_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3561","volume":"29","author":"S D\u00fcwel","year":"2016","unstructured":"D\u00fcwel, S. et al. Multiparametric human hepatocellular carcinoma characterization and therapy response evaluation by hyperpolarized 13C MRSI. NMR Biomed.29, 952\u2013960 (2016).","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"180_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605945","volume":"103","author":"TH Witney","year":"2010","unstructured":"Witney, T. H. et al. Detecting treatment response in a model of human breast adenocarcinoma using hyperpolarised [1-13C]pyruvate and [1,4-13C2]fumarate. Br. J. Cancer103, 1400\u20131406 (2010).","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"180_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3278","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-10-0706","volume":"9","author":"SE Bohndiek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bohndiek, S. E. et al. Detection of tumor response to a vascular disrupting agent by hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Mol. Cancer Ther.9, 3278\u20133288 (2010).","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"180_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19801","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911447106","volume":"106","author":"FA Gallagher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gallagher, F. A. et al. Production of hyperpolarized [1,4-13C2]malate from [1,4-13C2]fumarate is a marker of cell necrosis and treatment response in tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA106, 19801\u201319806 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"180_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30519","volume":"94","author":"JR Birchall","year":"2025","unstructured":"Birchall, J. R. et al. A pathway toward clinical translation of hyperpolarized [1,4-13C2,2,3-d2]fumarate as an imaging biomarker for early cellular necrosis in vivo. Magn. Reson. Med.94, 1202\u20131217 (2025).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"180_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2016.02.001","volume":"1860","author":"CR Day","year":"2016","unstructured":"Day, C. R. & Kempson, S. A. Betaine chemistry, roles, and potential use in liver disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. Gen. Subj.1860, 1098\u20131106 (2016).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta. Gen. Subj."},{"key":"180_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa032","volume":"150","author":"RP da Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"da Silva, R. P., Eudy, B. J. & Deminice, R. One-carbon metabolism in fatty liver disease and fibrosis: one-carbon to rule them all. J. Nutr.150, 994\u20131003 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"180_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9334","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201802683R","volume":"33","author":"NA Ahmad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmad, N. A. et al. Betaine attenuates pathology by stimulating lipid oxidation in liver and regulating phospholipid metabolism in brain of methionine-choline\u2013deficient rats. FASEB J.33, 9334\u20139349 (2019).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"180_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1159\/000504602","volume":"13","author":"A Radziejewska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Radziejewska, A., Muzsik, A., Milagro, F. I., Mart\u00ednez, J. A. & Chmurzynska, A. One-carbon metabolism and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the crosstalk between nutrients, microbiota, and genetics. Lifestyle Genom13, 53\u201363 (2020).","journal-title":"Lifestyle Genom"},{"key":"180_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36258","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.265348","volume":"286","author":"YW Teng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Teng, Y. W., Mehedint, M. G., Garrow, T. A. & Zeisel, S. H. Deletion of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase in mice perturbs choline and 1-carbon metabolism, resulting in fatty liver and hepatocellular carcinomas. J. Biol. Chem.286, 36258\u201336267 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"180_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adx8417","volume":"11","author":"IS Skre","year":"2025","unstructured":"Skre, I. S., Karlsson, M., S\u00e1nchez-Heredia, J. D., Olin, R. B. & Lerche, M. H. Dynamic, multiphase magnetic resonance imaging of in vivo physiological processes with long-lived hyperpolarized 15N,d9-betaine. Sci. Adv.11, eadx8417 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"180_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65951-z","volume":"14","author":"C von Morze","year":"2024","unstructured":"von Morze, C. et al. Detection of early-stage NASH using non-invasive hyperpolarized 13C metabolic imaging. Sci. Rep.14, 14854 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"180_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11060386","volume":"11","author":"PEZ Larson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Larson, P. E. Z. & Gordon, J. W. Hyperpolarized metabolic MRI\u2014acquisition, reconstruction, and analysis methods. Metabolites11, 386 (2021).","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"180_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29985","volume":"91","author":"TM Nickles","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nickles, T. M. et al. Hyperpolarized 13C metabolic imaging of the human abdomen with spatiotemporal denoising. Magn. Reson. Med.91, 2153\u20132161 (2024).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"180_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2003.03198.x","volume":"18","author":"R Kirsch","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kirsch, R. et al. Rodent nutritional model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Species, strain and sex difference studies. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.18, 1272\u20131282 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"180_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.5c04477","volume":"11","author":"E Minerali","year":"2026","unstructured":"Minerali, E. et al. Hyperpolarized 15N2-diazirine-tagged MRI probe for monitoring \u03b3-glutamyl transferase activity. ACS Sens.11, 885\u2013891 (2026).","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"180_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00349-7","volume":"5","author":"Z Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, Z. et al. Methionine metabolism in chronic liver diseases: an update on molecular mechanism and therapeutic implication. Sig. Transduct. Target. Ther.5, 280 (2020).","journal-title":"Sig. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"180_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2020.108381","volume":"81","author":"BJ Eudy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eudy, B. J. et al. Disruption of hepatic one-carbon metabolism impairs mitochondrial function and enhances macrophage activity in methionine\u2013choline-deficient mice. J. Nutr. Biochem.81, 108381 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"180_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927620024265","volume":"26","author":"M Veskovi\u0107","year":"2020","unstructured":"Veskovi\u0107, M. et al. Effect of betaine supplementation on liver tissue and ultrastructural changes in methionine\u2013choline-deficient diet-induced NAFLD. Microsc. Microanal.26, 997\u20131006 (2020).","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal."},{"key":"180_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10060456","volume":"10","author":"MK Arumugam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arumugam, M. K. et al. Beneficial effects of betaine: a comprehensive review. Biology10, 456 (2021).","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"180_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ashikaga, R. et al. In vivo monitoring of hyperpolarized [15N]betaine-d11 signal for one hour. ChemRxivhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.26434\/chemrxiv-2025-0qxks (2025).","DOI":"10.26434\/chemrxiv-2025-0qxks"},{"key":"180_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.101102","volume":"13","author":"J Kurhanewicz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kurhanewicz, J. et al. Analysis of Cancer Metabolism by Imaging Hyperpolarized Nuclei: Prospects for Translation to Clinical Research. Neoplasia13, 81\u201397 (2011).","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"180_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2025.102107","volume":"30","author":"MP Werge","year":"2025","unstructured":"Werge, M. P. et al. Alterations in one-carbon metabolism in metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease may be modi ed by semaglutide. Ann. Hepatol.30, 102107 (2025).","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"180_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17152495","volume":"17","author":"J Bortz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bortz, J. & Obeid, R. The shuttling of methyl groups between folate and choline pathways. Nutrients17, 2496 (2025).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"180_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1235","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00237.2006","volume":"291","author":"KM Nieman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nieman, K. M. et al. Folate status modulates the induction of hepatic glycine N-methyltransferase and homocysteine metabolism in diabetic rats. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.291, E1235\u2013E1242 (2006).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"180_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13374","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205539109","volume":"109","author":"MR Clatworthy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Clatworthy, M. R. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging with hyperpolarized [1,4-13C2]fumarate allows detection of early renal acute tubular necrosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA109, 13374\u201313379 (2012).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"180_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-2795","volume":"72","author":"SE Bohndiek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bohndiek, S. E., Kettunen, M. I., Hu, D. E. & Brindle, K. M. Hyperpolarized 13C spectroscopy detects early changes in tumor vasculature and metabolism after VEGF neutralization. Cancer Res.72, 854\u2013864 (2012).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"180_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.70167","volume":"95","author":"IS Skre","year":"2025","unstructured":"Skre, I. S. et al. Dynamic 13C-MRI of branched-chain amino acid metabolism using hyperpolarized [1-13C]2-ketoisocaproate: a multiband IDEAL spiral approach in rodents and pigs. Magn. Reson. Med.95, 1986\u20131997 (2025).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"180_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.01.031","volume":"57","author":"E Bernard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bernard, E., Van Beers, B. E., Pastor, C. M. & Hussain, H. K. Primovist, Eovist: What to expect? J. Hepatol.57, 421\u2013429 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"180_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-020-02684-3","volume":"45","author":"HB Thomaides-Brears","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thomaides-Brears, H. B., Lepe, R., Banerjee, R. & Duncker, C. Multiparametric MR mapping in clinical decision-making for diffuse liver disease. Abdom. Radiol.45, 3507\u20133522 (2020).","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"180_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70132","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.70132","volume":"8","author":"DM Miller","year":"2025","unstructured":"Miller, D. M., McCauley, K. F. & Dunham-Snary, K. J. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): mechanisms, clinical implications and therapeutic advances. Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab.8, e70132 (2025).","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"180_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.18383\/j.tom.2016.00280","volume":"3","author":"JD Sanchez-Heredia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sanchez-Heredia, J. D., S\u00f8vs\u00f8 Szocska Hansen, E., Laustsen, C., Zhurbenko, V. & Ardenkj\u00e6r-Larsen, J. H. Low-noise active decoupling circuit and its application to 13C cryogenic RF coils at 3. T. Tomography3, 60\u201366 (2017).","journal-title":"T. Tomography"},{"key":"180_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmro.2025.100190","volume":"22","author":"DB Christensen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Christensen, D. B., Skre, I. S., Ardenkj\u00e6r-Larsen, J. H., Mishkovsky, M. & Lerche, M. H. A hybrid setup for rodent hyperpolarized metabolic imaging using a clinical magnetic resonance scanner. J. Magn. Reson. Open22, 100190 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Open"},{"key":"180_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmro.2024.100184","volume":"22","author":"DB Christensen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Christensen, D. B., Skre, I. S., Ardenkj\u00e6r-Larsen, J. H., Karlsson, M. & Lerche, M. H. Developing hyperpolarized metabolic contrast agents at high field dDNP for large animal research. J. Magn. Reson. Open22, 100184 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Open"},{"key":"180_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1006\/jmre.1997.1244","volume":"129","author":"L Vanhamme","year":"1997","unstructured":"Vanhamme, L., van den Boogaart, A. & Van Huffel, S. Improved method for accurate and efficient quantification of MRS data with use of prior knowledge. J. Magn. Reson.129, 35\u201343 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"180_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0185356","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185356","volume":"12","author":"LAB Purvis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Purvis, L. A. B. et al. OXSA: An open-source magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis toolbox in MATLAB. PLoS ONE12, e0185356 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"180_CR50","first-page":"553","volume":"73","author":"H Barkhuijsen","year":"1987","unstructured":"Barkhuijsen, H., de Beer, R. & van Ormondt, D. Improved algorithm for noniterative time-domain model fitting to exponentially damped magnetic resonance signals. J. Magn. Reson.73, 553\u2013557 (1987).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"180_CR51","unstructured":"van den Boogaart, A., van Ormondt, D., Pijnappel, W. W. F., de Beer, R. & Ala-Korpela, M. Removal of the water resonance from 1H magnetic resonance spectra. In Mathematics and Signal Processing III (ed. McWhirter, J. G.) 175\u2013195 (Clarendon Press, 1994)."},{"key":"180_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","volume":"4","author":"D Lakens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lakens, D. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front. Psychol.4, 863 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."}],"container-title":["npj Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44303-026-00180-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44303-026-00180-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44303-026-00180-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T11:07:44Z","timestamp":1781867264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44303-026-00180-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44303-026-00180-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2948-197X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2948-197X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"44"}}