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Several questions remain about their persistence, in vivo formation, composition, and function. Our study reveals that HIV-1-MLOs persisted for several weeks in infected cells, and their abundance correlated with viral infectivity. Using an appropriate animal model, we show that HIV-1-MLOs were formed in vivo during acute infection. To explore the viral structures present within these biomolecular condensates, we used a combination of double immunogold labeling, electron microscopy and tomography, and unveiled a diverse array of viral core structures. Our functional analyses showed that HIV-1-MLOs remained stable during treatment with a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, maintaining the virus in a dormant state. Drug withdrawal restored reverse transcription, promoting efficient virus replication akin to that observed in latently infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. However, when HIV-1 MLOs were deliberately disassembled by pharmacological treatment, we observed a complete loss of viral infectivity. Our findings show that HIV-1 MLOs shield the final reverse transcription product from host immune detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s44318-024-00316-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T05:02:04Z","timestamp":1733115724000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["In vivo HIV-1 nuclear condensates safeguard against cGAS and license reverse transcription"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Selen","family":"Ay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Burlaud-Gaillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2922-3625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Gazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yevgeniy","family":"Tatirovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celine","family":"Cuche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Sebastien","family":"Diana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Scoca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7146-1862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James P","family":"Di Santo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9131-3341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Roingeard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9193-7696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Mammano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2879-3164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Di Nunzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"316_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.12.035","volume":"176","author":"S Alberti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alberti S, Gladfelter A, Mittag T (2019) Considerations and challenges in studying liquid-liquid phase separation and biomolecular condensates. 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