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Except for nucleic acids, PAMPs are exceedingly taxa-specific, thus enabling pattern recognition receptors to detect cognate pathogens while ignoring others. How the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF213 can respond to phylogenetically distant pathogens, including Gram-negative\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    , Gram-positive\n                    <jats:italic>Listeria<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and eukaryotic\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    , remains unknown. Here we report that the evolutionary history of RNF213 is indicative of repeated adaptation to diverse pathogen target structures, especially in and around its newly identified CBM20 carbohydrate-binding domain, which we have resolved by cryo-EM. We find that RNF213 forms coats on phylogenetically distant pathogens. ATP hydrolysis by RNF213\u2019s dynein-like domain is essential for coat formation on all three pathogens studied as is RZ finger-mediated E3 ligase activity for bacteria. Coat formation is not diffusion-limited but instead relies on rate-limiting initiation events and subsequent cooperative incorporation of further RNF213 molecules. We conclude that RNF213 responds to evolutionarily distant pathogens through enzymatically amplified cooperative recruitment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s44319-024-00280-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T13:01:41Z","timestamp":1728306101000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Recognition of phylogenetically diverse pathogens through enzymatically amplified recruitment of RNF213"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Crespillo-Casado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prathyush","family":"Pothukuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Naydenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2505-9987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew C J","family":"Yip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8220-8427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet M","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerome","family":"Boulanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vimisha","family":"Dharamdasani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ceara","family":"Harper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Mehdi","family":"Hammoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsje G","family":"Otten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0745-3964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3355-4259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayuri","family":"Gogoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harmit S","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0694-5315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Randow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"280_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1107\/S2059798318006551","volume":"74","author":"PV Afonine","year":"2018","unstructured":"Afonine PV, Poon BK, Read RJ, Sobolev OV, Terwilliger TC, Urzhumtsev A, Adams PD (2018) Real\u2010space refinement in PHENIX for cryo\u2010EM and crystallography. 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