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Here we combine microfluidics with quantitative fluorescence microscopy of transcriptional reporters to comprehensively quantify growth and gene expression at the single-cell level in E. coli during carbon starvation. We find that all cells immediately stop growing upon loss of carbon source and that almost all remain alive for over 30 hours. Furthermore, entry into starvation triggers a dynamic expression program that is remarkably homogeneous across single cells, but highly variable across genes, causing dramatic remodeling of the proteome early in starvation. We further show that, as protein production and the rate of protein degradation both decay approximately exponentially, protein concentrations become essentially \u2018frozen\u2019 after the first 5 to 10 hours, setting phenotypes for several days of starvation. Finally, using experiments in which gene expression is inhibited for different periods, we show that protein production in the first 5 hours is crucial for protecting cells from stresses late in starvation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s44320-026-00226-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T15:24:17Z","timestamp":1782919457000},"page":"1531-1550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["E. coli prepares for starvation by dramatically remodeling its proteome in the first hours after loss of nutrients"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6364-6720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Th\u00e9o","family":"Gervais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8226-1820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bjoern","family":"Kscheschinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Mell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nevil","family":"Goepfert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6338-1312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"van Nimwegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7123-198X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Julou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"226_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"MSB4100050","DOI":"10.1038\/msb4100050","volume":"2","author":"T Baba","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baba T, Ara T, Hasegawa M, Takai Y, Okumura Y, Baba M et al (2006) Construction of Escherichia coli k-12 in-frame, single-gene knockout mutants: the keio collection. 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