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In colorectal cancer (CRC), CAF subsets and nomenclature vary widely, and many studies overlook the diversity of normal colon fibroblasts that shapes tumor mesenchyme. Here, we combine large-scale single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis with spatial validation and functional assays to construct a comprehensive reference map of human normal colon fibroblasts and mesenchymal subsets, guided by the well-characterized mouse colon. We define three major fibroblast populations, subepithelial myofibroblasts (SEMFs), mucosa-associated fibroblasts (MAFs), and submucosa-associated fibroblasts (SAFs), and characterize a previously underexplored muscle-embedded interstitial fibroblast (MIF) population. This reference enabled mapping of CRC-specific changes, revealing four cancer-specific CAF subsets, including inflammatory CAFs (iCAFs), matrix CAFs (mCAFs), and two precursor populations (pre-CAFs). We also identify robust CRC CAF markers including CTHRC1, infer transcriptional regulators, and define distinct developmental trajectories driving iCAF and mCAF activation. Together, our study provides a spatially and transcriptionally resolved reference map of fibroblasts in the normal colon and CRC, enabling mechanistic studies and informing CAF-targeted therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s44320-026-00247-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:31:53Z","timestamp":1790170313000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An integrated spatially defined roadmap of normal and cancer-associated colon fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4526-0733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma W","family":"Viitala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7541-0306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ella","family":"Salminen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6822-3647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitro","family":"Miihkinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5166-7724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toni T","family":"Lemmetyinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1732-0583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myriam","family":"S\u00e9vigny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1030-8230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiisla K","family":"Porvari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8065-8492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanisha","family":"Malpani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niki","family":"Chalkidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasia","family":"Stavropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9749-2547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pekka J","family":"P\u00e4ivinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0377-9975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuomas","family":"Kaprio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6079-7881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaana","family":"Hagstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caj","family":"Haglund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomi P","family":"M\u00e4kel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3033-4189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pekka","family":"Katajisto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0886-9769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tero","family":"Aittokallio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1694-6987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Koliaraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8190-257X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saara","family":"Ollila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"247_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4720","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13184720","volume":"13","author":"PJ Asif","year":"2021","unstructured":"Asif PJ, Longobardi C, Hahne M, Medema JP (2021) The role of cancer-associated fibroblasts in cancer invasion and metastasis. 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