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Both approaches would profit from the availability of attenuated and avirulent parasites with a reduced blood-stage multiplication rate. Here we screened gene-deletion mutants of the rodent parasite\n                    <jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the human parasite\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    for slow growth. Furthermore, we tested the\n                    <jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutants for avirulence and resolving blood-stage infections, while preserving sporozoite formation and liver infection. Targeting 51 genes yielded 18\n                    <jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene-deletion mutants with several mutants causing mild infections. Infections with the two most attenuated mutants either by blood stages or by sporozoites were cleared by the immune response. Immunization of mice led to protection from disease after challenge with wild-type sporozoites. Two of six generated\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene-deletion mutants showed a slow growth rate. Slow-growing, avirulent\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutants will constitute valuable tools to inform on the induction of immune responses and will aid in developing new as well as safeguarding existing attenuated parasite vaccines.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s44321-024-00101-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T06:04:57Z","timestamp":1722837897000},"page":"2060-2079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Experimental vaccination by single dose sporozoite injection of blood-stage attenuated malaria parasites"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7700-0613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia M","family":"Sattler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Keiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8944-8498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiman","family":"Abdelrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"J\u00e4cklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Zechel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine A","family":"Moreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smilla","family":"Steinbr\u00fcck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6410-6205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris J","family":"Janse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9812-0128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franziska","family":"Hentzschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8332-6668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Friedrich","family":"Frischknecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"101_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70617-7","volume":"10","author":"M Akkaya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akkaya M, Bansal A, Sheehan PW, Pena M, Cimperman CK, Qi CF, Yazew T, Otto TD, Billker O, Miller LH et al (2020) Testing the impact of a single nucleotide polymorphism in a Plasmodium berghei ApiAP2 transcription factor on experimental cerebral malaria in mice. 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