{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T09:26:37Z","timestamp":1793870797802,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81900823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81900823"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31970149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31970149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EMBO Mol Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Innate immune cells have been acknowledged as trainable in recent years. While intestinal tuft cells are recognized for their crucial roles in the host defense against intestinal pathogens, there remains uncertainty regarding their trainability. Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a prevalent enterovirus that primarily infects children but rarely infects adults. At present, there is a significant expansion of intestinal tuft cells in the EV71-infected mouse model, which is associated with EV71-induced interleukin-25 (IL-25) production. Further, we found that IL-25 pre-treatment at 2 weeks old mouse enabled tuft cells to acquire immune memory. This was evidenced by the rapid expansion and stronger response of IL-25-trained tuft cells in response to EV71 infection at 6 weeks old, surpassing the reactivity of na\u00efve tuft cells in mice without IL-25-trained progress. Interestingly, IL-25-trained intestinal tuft cells exhibit anti-enteroviral effect via producing a higher level of IL-25. Mechanically, IL-25 treatment upregulates spermidine\/spermine acetyl-transferase enzyme (SAT1) expression, mediates intracellular polyamine deficiency, further inhibits enterovirus replication. In summary, tuft cells can be trained by IL-25, which supports faster and higher level IL-25 production in response to EV71 infection and further exhibits anti-enteroviral effect via SAT1-mediated intracellular polyamine deficiency. Given that IL-25 can be induced by multiple gut microbes during human growth and development, including shifts in gut flora abundance, which may partially explain the different susceptibility to enteroviral infections between adults and children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s44321-024-00128-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T06:02:32Z","timestamp":1726034552000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Trained immunity of intestinal tuft cells during infancy enhances host defense against enteroviral infections in mice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7351-4617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9111-3139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7473-2181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruining","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6306-717X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiao","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajie","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4515-2484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yurong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongji","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yating","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waqas","family":"Nawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0672-948X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"128_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anabazhagan AN, Chatterjee I, Priyamvada S, Kumar A, Tyagi S, Saksena S, Alrefai WA, Dudeja PK, Gill RK (2017) Methods to study epithelial transport protein function and expression in native intestine and Caco-2 cells grown in 3D. J Vis Exp 121:55304","DOI":"10.3791\/55304"},{"key":"128_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angkasekwinai P, Chang SH, Thapa M, Watarai H, Dong C (2010) Regulation of IL-9 expression by IL-25 signaling. Nat Immunol 11:250\u2013256","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1846"},{"key":"128_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30876","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.5129","volume":"6","author":"P Chandrakesan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chandrakesan P, May R, Qu D, Weygant N, Taylor VE, Li JD, Ali N, Sureban SM, Qante M, Wang TC et al (2015) Dclk1+ small intestinal epithelial tuft cells display the hallmarks of quiescence and self-renewal. Oncotarget 6:30876\u201330886","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"128_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23587-x","volume":"12","author":"CY Chang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang CY, Wang J, Zhao Y, Liu J, Yang X, Yue X, Wang H, Zhou F, Inclan-Rico JM, Ponessa JJ et al (2021) Tumor suppressor p53 regulates intestinal type 2 immunity. Nat Commun 12:3371","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"128_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2023.05.011","volume":"16","author":"V Cortez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cortez V, Livingston B, Sharp B, Hargest V, Papizan JB, Pedicino N, Lanning S, Jordan SV, Gulman J, Vogel P et al (2023) Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 regulates cell permissivity to astrovirus infection. Mucosal Immunol 16:551\u2013562","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"128_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.03.015","volume":"29","author":"S Dallari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dallari S, Heaney T, Rosas-Villegas A, Neil JA, Wong SY, Brown JJ, Urbanek K, Herrmann C, Depledge DP, Dermody TS, Cadwell K (2021) Enteric viruses evoke broad host immune responses resembling those elicited by the bacterial microbiome. Cell Host Microbe 29:1014\u20131029.e1018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"128_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2016.71","volume":"15","author":"J Feng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feng J, Li L, Ou Z, Li Q, Gong B, Zhao Z, Qi W, Zhou T, Zhong J, Cai W et al (2018) IL-25 stimulates M2 macrophage polarization and thereby promotes mitochondrial respiratory capacity and lipolysis in adipose tissues against obesity. Cell Mol Immunol 15:493\u2013505","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"128_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16527","volume":"529","author":"F Gerbe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gerbe F, Sidot E, Smyth DJ, Ohmoto M, Matsumoto I, Dardalhon V, Cesses P, Garnier L, Pouzolles M, Brulin B et al (2016) Intestinal epithelial tuft cells initiate type 2 mucosal immunity to helminth parasites. Nature 529:226\u2013230","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"128_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24489","volume":"551","author":"AL Haber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haber AL, Biton M, Rogel N, Herbst RH, Shekhar K, Smillie C, Burgin G, Delorey TM, Howitt MR, Katz Y et al (2017) A single-cell survey of the small intestinal epithelium. Nature 551:333\u2013339","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"128_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1005517","volume":"13","author":"J Ham","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ham J, Lim M, Kim D, Kim HY (2022) Memory-like innate lymphoid cells in the pathogenesis of asthma. Front Immunol 13:1005517","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"128_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0056OC","volume":"56","author":"M Han","year":"2017","unstructured":"Han M, Hong JY, Jaipalli S, Rajput C, Lei J, Hinde JL, Chen Q, Hershenson NM, Bentley JK, Hershenson MB (2017) IFN-\u03b3 blocks development of an asthma phenotype in rhinovirus-infected baby mice by inhibiting type 2 innate lymphoid cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 56:242\u2013251","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"128_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00669-21","volume":"6","author":"N Jan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jan N, Hays RA, Oakland DN, Kumar P, Ramakrishnan G, Behm BW, Petri Jr. WA, Marie C (2021) Fecal microbiota transplantation increases colonic IL-25 and dampens tissue inflammation in patients with recurrent clostridioides difficile. mSphere 6:e0066921","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"128_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2102698118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2102698118","volume":"118","author":"E Jentho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jentho E, Ruiz-Moreno C, Novakovic B, Kourtzelis I, Megchelenbrink WL, Martins R, Chavakis T, Soares MP, Kalafati L, Guerra J et al (2021) Trained innate immunity, long-lasting epigenetic modulation, and skewed myelopoiesis by heme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 118:e2102698118","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"128_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12706","volume":"286","author":"H Kabata","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kabata H, Moro K, Koyasu S (2018) The group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) regulatory network and its underlying mechanisms. Immunol Rev 286:37\u201352","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"128_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S95","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201508-557MG","volume":"13","author":"H Kabata","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kabata H, Moro K, Koyasu S, Fukunaga K, Asano K, Betsuyaku T (2016) Mechanisms to suppress ILC2-induced airway inflammation. Ann Am Thorac Soc 13:S95","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"128_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2014.10.005","volume":"155","author":"J Kleinnijenhuis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kleinnijenhuis J, Quintin J, Preijers F, Joosten LA, Jacobs C, Xavier RJ, van der Meer JW, van Crevel R, Netea MG (2014) BCG-induced trained immunity in NK cells: Role for non-specific protection to infection. Clin Immunol 155:213\u2013219","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"128_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13340","volume":"73","author":"I Kortekaas Krohn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kortekaas Krohn I, Shikhagaie MM, Golebski K, Bernink JH, Breynaert C, Creyns B, Diamant Z, Fokkens WJ, Gevaert P, Hellings P et al (2018) Emerging roles of innate lymphoid cells in inflammatory diseases: clinical implications. Allergy 73:837\u2013850","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"128_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00103","volume":"9","author":"TS Lima","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lima TS, Lodoen MB (2019) Mechanisms of human innate immune evasion by Toxoplasma gondii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 9:103","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"128_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.87","volume":"1","author":"J Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu J, Liu Y, Nie K, Du S, Qiu J, Pang X, Wang P, Cheng G (2016) Flavivirus NS1 protein in infected host sera enhances viral acquisition by mosquitoes. Nat Microbiol 1:16087","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"128_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0037","volume":"6","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu Y, Jiao C, Zhang T, Li X, Li P, Lu M, Ye Z, Du Y, Du R, Zhang W et al (2023) Early-life gut microbiota governs susceptibility to colitis via microbial-derived ether lipids. Research 6:0037","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"128_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012718","volume":"15","author":"M Locati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Locati M, Curtale G, Mantovani A (2020) Diversity, mechanisms, and significance of macrophage plasticity. Annu Rev Pathol 15:123\u2013147","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"128_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.04.007","volume":"55","author":"A Lockhart","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lockhart A, Mucida D, Parsa R (2022) Immunity to enteric viruses. Immunity 55:800\u2013818","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"128_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202301928R","volume":"38","author":"R Lyu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lyu R, Wu J, He Y, You Q, Qian Y, Jiang N, Cai Y, Chen D, Wu Z (2024) Folate supports IL-25-induced tuft cell expansion following enteroviral infections. FASEB J 38:e23430","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"128_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.06.017","volume":"45","author":"I Martinez-Gonzalez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martinez-Gonzalez I, Matha L, Steer CA, Ghaedi M, Poon GF, Takei F (2016) Allergen-experienced group 2 innate lymphoid cells acquire memory-like properties and enhance allergic lung inflammation. Immunity 45:198\u2013208","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"128_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9683","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01347-16","volume":"90","author":"BC Mounce","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mounce BC, Cesaro T, Moratorio G, Hooikaas PJ, Yakovleva A, Werneke SW, Smith EC, Poirier EZ, Simon-Loriere E, Prot M et al (2016a) Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis is a broad-spectrum strategy against RNA viruses. J Virol 90:9683\u20139692","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"128_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00029","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00029-17","volume":"81","author":"BC Mounce","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mounce BC, Olsen ME, Vignuzzi M, Connor JH (2017) Polyamines and their role in virus infection. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 81:e00029\u201317","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"128_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.06.011","volume":"20","author":"BC Mounce","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mounce BC, Poirier EZ, Passoni G, Simon-Loriere E, Cesaro T, Prot M, Stapleford KA, Moratorio G, Sakuntabhai A, Levraud JP, Vignuzzi M (2016b) Interferon-induced spermidine-spermine acetyltransferase and polyamine depletion restrict zika and chikungunya viruses. Cell Host Microbe 20:167\u2013177","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"128_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1098","volume":"352","author":"MG Netea","year":"2016","unstructured":"Netea MG, Joosten LA, Latz E, Mills KH, Natoli G, Stunnenberg HG, O\u2019Neill LA, Xavier RJ (2016) Trained immunity: a program of innate immune memory in health and disease. Science 352:aaf1098","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"128_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.12.006","volume":"25","author":"MG Netea","year":"2019","unstructured":"Netea MG, Schlitzer A, Placek K, Joosten LAB, Schultze JL (2019) Innate and adaptive immune memory: an evolutionary continuum in the host\u2019s response to pathogens. Cell Host Microbe 25:13\u201326","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"128_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6806","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1607152113","volume":"113","author":"Y Ou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ou Y, Wang SJ, Li D, Chu B, Gu W (2016) Activation of SAT1 engages polyamine metabolism with p53-mediated ferroptotic responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113:E6806\u2013E6812","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"128_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2023.1093800","volume":"4","author":"J Parr\u00f3n-Ballesteros","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parr\u00f3n-Ballesteros J, Gordo RG, L\u00f3pez-Rodr\u00edguez JC, Olmo N, Villalba M, Batanero E, Turnay J (2023) Beyond allergic progression: from molecules to microbes as barrier modulators in the gut-lung axis functionality. Front Allergy 4:1093800","journal-title":"Front Allergy"},{"key":"128_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg8842","volume":"9","author":"A Perniss","year":"2023","unstructured":"Perniss A, Boonen B, Tonack S, Thiel M, Poharkar K, Alnouri MW, Keshavarz M, Papadakis T, Wiegand S, Pfeil U et al (2023) A succinate\/SUCNR1-brush cell defense program in the tracheal epithelium. Sci Adv 9:eadg8842","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"128_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz8777","volume":"375","author":"N Serafini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Serafini N, Jarade A, Surace L, Goncalves P, Sismeiro O, Varet H, Legendre R, Coppee JY, Disson O, Durum SK et al (2022) Trained ILC3 responses promote intestinal defense. Science 375:859\u2013863","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"128_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14115-z","volume":"11","author":"P Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun P, Nie K, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Wu P, Liu Z, Du S, Fan H, Chen CH, Zhang R et al (2020) A mosquito salivary protein promotes flavivirus transmission by activation of autophagy. Nat Commun 11:260","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"128_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2322","volume":"32","author":"SK Swain","year":"2022","unstructured":"Swain SK, Gadnayak A, Mohanty JN, Sarangi R, Das J (2022) Does enterovirus 71 urge for effective vaccine control strategies? Challenges and current opinion. Rev Med Virol 32:e2322","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"128_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30452-7","volume":"21","author":"YW Tan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tan YW, Chu JJH (2021) Protecting the most vulnerable from hand, foot, and mouth disease. Lancet Infect Dis 21:308\u2013309","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"128_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00049-21","volume":"34","author":"L Ter Steeg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ter Steeg L, Dominguez-Andres J, Netea MG, Joosten LAB, van Crevel R (2021) Trained immunity as a preventive measure for surgical site infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e0004921","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"128_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00496-w","volume":"15","author":"F Varyani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Varyani F, Loser S, Filbey KJ, Harcus Y, Drurey C, Poveda MC, Rasid O, White MPJ, Smyth DJ, Gerbe F et al (2022) The IL-25-dependent tuft cell circuit driven by intestinal helminths requires macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Mucosal Immunol 15:1243\u20131256","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"128_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16161","volume":"529","author":"J von Moltke","year":"2016","unstructured":"von Moltke J, Ji M, Liang HE, Locksley RM (2016) Tuft-cell-derived IL-25 regulates an intestinal ILC2-epithelial response circuit. Nature 529:221\u2013225","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"128_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2016.12.010","volume":"103","author":"C Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang C, Dong C, Xiong S (2017) IL-33 enhances macrophage M2 polarization and protects mice from CVB3-induced viral myocarditis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 103:22\u201330","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"128_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-023-02345-0","volume":"101","author":"C Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang C, Du Z, Li R, Luo Y, Zhu C, Ding N, Lei A (2023) Interferons as negative regulators of ILC2s in allergic lung inflammation and respiratory viral infections. J Mol Med 101:947\u2013959","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"key":"128_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.08.017","volume":"12","author":"J Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang J, Hu Y, Zheng M (2022) Enterovirus A71 antivirals: past, present, and future. Acta Pharm Sin B 12:1542\u20131566","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"128_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03367-z","volume":"5","author":"TC Williams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Williams TC, Loo SL, Nichol KS, Reid AT, Veerati PC, Esneau C, Wark PAB, Grainge CL, Knight DA, Vincent T et al (2022) IL-25 blockade augments antiviral immunity during respiratory virus infection. Commun Biol 5:415","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"128_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155526","volume":"143","author":"J Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu J, You Q, Lyu R, Qian Y, Tao H, Zhang F, Cai Y, Jiang N, Zheng N, Chen D, Wu Z (2023) Folate metabolism negatively regulates OAS-mediated antiviral innate immunity via ADAR3\/endogenous dsRNA pathway. Metabolism 143:155526","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"128_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.986118","volume":"13","author":"J Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu J, Zhang F, Tao H, Nawaz W, Chen D, Wu Z (2022) The potential roles of interleukin-25 in infectious diseases. Front Immunol 13:986118","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"128_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.03.001","volume":"55","author":"Z Xiong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiong Z, Zhu X, Geng J, Xu Y, Wu R, Li C, Fan D, Qin X, Du Y, Tian Y, Fan Z (2022) Intestinal Tuft-2 cells exert antimicrobial immunity via sensing bacterial metabolite N-undecanoylglycine. Immunity 55:686\u2013700 e687","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"128_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.019","volume":"48","author":"M Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu M, Lu H, Lee YH, Wu Y, Liu K, Shi Y, An H, Zhang J, Wang X, Lai Y, Dong C (2018) An Interleukin-25-mediated autoregulatory circuit in keratinocytes plays a pivotal role in psoriatic skin inflammation. Immunity 48:787\u2013798.e784","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"128_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-018-0237-x","volume":"26","author":"J Yi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yi J, Bergstrom K, Fu J, Shan X, McDaniel JM, McGee S, Qu D, Houchen CW, Liu X, Xia L (2019) Dclk1 in tuft cells promotes inflammation-driven epithelial restitution and mitigates chronic colitis. Cell Death Differ 26:1656\u20131669","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"128_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199240","volume":"338","author":"Q You","year":"2023","unstructured":"You Q, Wu J, Liu Y, Zhang F, Jiang N, Tian X, Cai Y, Yang E, Lyu R, Zheng N et al (2023) HMGB1 release induced by EV71 infection exacerbates blood-brain barrier disruption via VE-cadherin phosphorylation. Virus Res 338:199240","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"128_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32492","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032492","volume":"7","author":"T Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu T, Chen X, Zhang W, Li J, Xu R, Wang TC, Ai W, Liu C (2012) Kr\u00fcppel-like factor 4 regulates intestinal epithelial cell morphology and polarity. PLoS ONE 7:e32492","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"128_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003531","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003531","volume":"9","author":"MM Zaiss","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zaiss MM, Maslowski KM, Mosconi I, Guenat N, Marsland BJ, Harris NL (2013) IL-1beta suppresses innate IL-25 and IL-33 production and maintains helminth chronicity. PLoS Pathog 9:e1003531","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"128_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.3.4.422-428.1969","volume":"3","author":"I Zajac","year":"1969","unstructured":"Zajac I, Crowell RL (1969) Differential inhibition of attachment and eclipse activities of HeLa cells for enteroviruses. J Virol 3:422\u2013428","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"128_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080720","volume":"205","author":"C Zaph","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zaph C, Du Y, Saenz SA, Nair MG, Perrigoue JG, Taylor BC, Troy AE, Kobuley DE, Kastelein RA, Cua DJ et al (2008) Commensal-dependent expression of IL-25 regulates the IL-23-IL-17 axis in the intestine. J Exp Med 205:2191\u20132198","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"128_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.809755","volume":"13","author":"F Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang F, Liu Y, Wang S, Yan X, Lin Y, Chen D, Tan Q, Wu Z (2022) Interleukin-25-mediated-IL-17RB upregulation promotes cutaneous wound healing in diabetic mice by improving endothelial cell functions. Front Immunol 13:809755","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"128_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.09.012","volume":"56","author":"C Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao C, Ma Y, Zhang M, Gao X, Liang W, Qin Y, Fu Y, Jia M, Song H, Gao C, Zhao W (2023) Polyamine metabolism controls B-to-Z DNA transition to orchestrate DNA sensor cGAS activity. Immunity 56:2508\u20132522.e2506","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"128_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.03.009","volume":"55","author":"M Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao M, Ren K, Xiong X, Xin Y, Zou Y, Maynard JC, Kim A, Battist AP, Koneripalli N, Wang Y et al (2022) Epithelial STAT6 O-GlcNAcylation drives a concerted anti-helminth alarmin response dependent on tuft cell hyperplasia and Gasdermin C. Immunity 55:623\u2013638.e625","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"128_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8724933","volume":"2022","author":"S Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu S, Zhang C, Sun Q, Wang Y, Yu W, Wei F, Ren X (2022) Trained immunity of IL-12-, IL-15-, and IL-18-induced CD(3)+CD(56)+ NKT-like cells. J Oncol 2022:8724933","journal-title":"J Oncol"}],"container-title":["EMBO Molecular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1038\/s44321-024-00128-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1038\/s44321-024-00128-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1038\/s44321-024-00128-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T18:03:07Z","timestamp":1786039387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1038\/s44321-024-00128-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]]}},"alternative-id":["128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44321-024-00128-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-4676","1757-4684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-4676","type":"print"},{"value":"1757-4684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure and competing interests statement"}}],"article-number":"14"}}