{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:28:42Z","timestamp":1791001722797,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,9,1]],"date-time":"1993-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":746841600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Spinal Cord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,9]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1993.95","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,8]],"date-time":"2011-04-08T00:29:32Z","timestamp":1302222572000},"page":"593-605","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Evidence of autonomic dysreflexia during functional electrical stimulation in individuals with spinal cord injuries"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"E A","family":"Ashley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J J","family":"Laskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L M","family":"Olenik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Burnham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R D","family":"Steadward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D C","family":"Cumming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G D","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BFsc199395_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198407000-00027","volume":"15","author":"GR Cybulski","year":"1984","unstructured":"Cybulski G R, Penn R D, Jaeger R S (1984) Lower extremity functional neuromuscular stimulation in cases of spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery 15: 132\u2013146.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(89)90132-9","volume":"22","author":"GH Collins","year":"1989","unstructured":"Collins G H, West N R (1989) Prospects for axonal regrowth in spinal cord injury. Brain Res Bull 22: 89\u201392.","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR3","first-page":"415","volume":"71","author":"RH Nathan","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nathan R H, Ohry A (1990) Upper limb functions regained in quadriplegia: a hybrid computerised neuromuscular stimulation system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 71: 415\u2013421.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR4","first-page":"201","volume":"71","author":"GM Yarkony","year":"1990","unstructured":"Yarkony G M, Jaeger R J, Roth E, Karlj A R, Quintern J (1990) Functional neuromuscular stimulation for standing after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 71: 201\u2013206.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-5425(88)90099-4","volume":"10","author":"BJ Andrews","year":"1988","unstructured":"Andrews B J, Baxendale R H, Barnett R, Phillips G S, Yamazaki T, Paul J P et al (1988) Hydrid FES-orthosis incorporating closed-loop control and sensory feedback. J Biomed Eng 10: 189\u201395.","journal-title":"J Biomed Eng"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19840701-06","volume":"7","author":"CA Phillips","year":"1984","unstructured":"Phillips C A, Petrofsky J S, Hendershot D M, Stafford D (1984) Functional electrical exercise\u2014a comprehensive approach for physical conditioning of the spinal cord injured patient. Orthopedics 7: 1112\u20131123.","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(21)01690-7","volume":"70","author":"SF Pollack","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pollack S F, Axen K, Spielholz N, Levin N, Haus F, Ragnarsson K T (1989) Aerobic training effects of electrically induced lower extremity exercises in spinal cord injured people. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 70: 214\u2013219.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198808000-00008","volume":"233","author":"KT Ragnarsson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ragnarsson K T (1988) Physiologic effects of FES-induced exercises in spinal cord injured individuals. Clin Orthop 233: 53\u201363.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR9","first-page":"863","volume":"71","author":"SP Hooker","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hooker S P, Figoni S F, Glaser R M, Rodgers M M, Ezenwa B N, Faghri P D (1990) Physiologic responses to prolonged electrically stimulated leg cycle exercise in the spinal cord injured. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 71: 863\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR10","first-page":"590","volume":"29","author":"MS Nash","year":"1991","unstructured":"Nash M S, Bilsker S, Marcillo A E, Isacc S M, Botelho L A, Klose K G et al (1991) Reversal of adaptive left ventricular atrophy following electrically stimulated exercise training in human tetraplegics. Paraplegia 29: 590\u201399.","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR11","volume-title":"Spinal Cord Injury: Facts and Figures","author":"EJ Kennedy","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kennedy E J, editor (1986) Spinal Cord Injury: Facts and Figures. University of Alabama Press, Birmingham, LA."},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR12","first-page":"427","volume":"47","author":"KS Clarke","year":"1966","unstructured":"Clarke K S (1966) Caloric costs of activity in paraplegic persons. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 47: 427\u2013435.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR13","unstructured":"Petrofsky J S, Brown S W, Cerrel-Bazo H (1992) Active physical therapy and its benefits in rehabilitation. Palaestra Spring: 23\u201327 & 61\u201363."},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR14","unstructured":"Mutrie N, Biddle S (1991) The Psychology of Health Related Exercise. Springer-Verlag, Hamburg."},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR15","first-page":"20","volume-title":"Handbook of Spinal Cord Medicine","author":"David C. Burke","year":"1975","unstructured":"Burke D C, Murray D D (1975) Handbook of Spinal Cord Medicine. Raven Press, New York."},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR16","unstructured":"Astrand P O, Rodahl K (1986) Textbook of Work Physiology. McGraw-Hill, New York."},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR17","unstructured":"American College of Sports Medicine (1991) Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 4th ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia."},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR18","unstructured":"Guyton A C (1986) Textbook of Medical Physiology. 7th ed. W B Saunders, Philadelphia."},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR19","first-page":"141","volume":"3","author":"AR Fugl-Meyer","year":"1971","unstructured":"Fugl-Meyer A R (1971) Effects of respiratory muscle paralysis in tetraplegic and paraplegic patients. Scand J Rehabil Med 3: 141\u2013150.","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR20","first-page":"141","volume":"20","author":"P Eriksson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Eriksson P, Lofstrom L, Ekblom B (1988) Aerobic power during maximal exercise in untrained and well-trained persons with quadriplegia and paraplegia. Scand J Rehabil Med 20: 141\u20137.","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1983.55.2.479","volume":"55","author":"KD Coutts","year":"1983","unstructured":"Coutts K D, Rhodes E C, McKenzie D C (1983) Maximal exercise responses of tetraplegics and paraplegics. J Appl Physiol 55: 479\u2013482.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198603050-00002","volume":"3","author":"MD Hoffman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hoffman M D (1986) Cardiorespiratory fitness and training in quadriplegics and paraplegics. Sports Med 3: 312\u2013330.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(73)90082-4","volume":"40","author":"DA Riley","year":"1973","unstructured":"Riley D A, Allin E F (1973) The effects of inactivity, programmed stimulation and denervation in the histochemistry of skeletal muscle fibre types. Exp Neurol 40: 391\u2013413.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.1990.04.0107","volume":"27","author":"BG Edwards","year":"1990","unstructured":"Edwards B G, Marsolais E B (1990) Metabolic responses to arm ergometry and functional neuromuscular stimulation. J Rehabil Res Dev 27: 107\u2013114.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S91","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198604001-00453","volume":"18","author":"RM Brice","year":"1986","unstructured":"Brice R M, Forster H V, Pan L, Funahashi A, Hoffman M, Lowry T et al (1986) Arterial pH and lactate during electrically induced leg exercise in paraplegics and normal subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 18: S91\u2013S92.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR26","first-page":"431","volume":"61","author":"RP Erickson","year":"1980","unstructured":"Erickson R P (1980) Autonomic hyperreflexia: pathophysiology and medical management. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 61: 431\u2013440.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-44-4-678","volume":"44","author":"NB Kurnick","year":"1956","unstructured":"Kurnick N B (1956) Autonomic hyperreflexia and its control in patients with spinal cord lesions. Ann Intern Med 44: 678\u2013686.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)57892-1","volume":"118","author":"ED Kursch","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kursch E D, Freehafer A, Persky L (1977) Complications of autonomic dysreflexia. J Urol 118: 70\u201372.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR29","unstructured":"Burnham R, Wheeler G D, Bhambhani Y, Belanger M, Eriksson P, Steadward R D (in press) Intentional induction of autonomic dysreflexia by quadriplegic athletes for performance enhancement: Efficacy, safety and mechanism of action. (Abstract). VISTA 1993 (May 14\u201320), Jasper, Alberta. Clin J Sports Med."},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR30","unstructured":"Wheeler G D, Cumming D C, Burnham R, Maclean I, Steadward R D (in press) Testosterone and catecholamine responses to exercise stress and autonomic dysreflexia in elite quadriplegic athletes. (Abstract). VISTA 1993 (May 14\u201320), Jasper, Alberta."},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(90)90052-F","volume":"43","author":"A Moltner","year":"1990","unstructured":"Moltner A, Holzl R, Strian F (1990) Heart rate changes as an autonomic component of the pain response. Pain 43: 81\u201389.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.39.2.204","volume":"39","author":"CJ Mathias","year":"1976","unstructured":"Mathias C J, Christensen M D, Corbett J L, Frankel H L, Spalding J M K (1976) Plasma catecholamines during paroxysmal neurogenic hypertension in quadriplegic man. Circ Res 39: 204\u2013208.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR33","first-page":"665","volume":"73","author":"PB Arnold","year":"1992","unstructured":"Arnold P B, McVey P P, Farrell W J, Deurloo T M, Grasso A R (1992) Functional electrical stimulation: Its efficacy and safety in improving pulmonary function and musculoskeletal fitness. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 73: 665\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.1992.07.0001","volume":"29","author":"SP Hooker","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hooker S P, Figoni S F, Rodgers M M, Glaser R M, Mathews T, Suryaprasad A G et al (1992) Metabolic and hemodynamic responses to concurrent voluntary arm crank and electrical stimulation exercise in quadriplegics. J Rehabil Res Dev 29: 1\u201311.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR35","volume-title":"Proc 12th Ann Conf RESNA","author":"SF Figoni","year":"1989","unstructured":"Figoni S F, Glaser R M, Hedershot D M, Gupter S C, Suryaprasad A G, Rodgers M M et al (1989) Hemodynamic responses of quadriplegics to maximal arm cranking and FNS leg cycling exercise. Proc 12th Ann Conf RESNA, New Orleans, Louisiana."},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199012000-00007","volume":"22","author":"MM Toner","year":"1990","unstructured":"Toner M M, Glickman E L, McArdle W D (1990) Cardiovascular adjustments to exercise distributed between the upper and lower body. Med Sci Sports Exerc 22: 773\u2013778.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR37","first-page":"672","volume":"69","author":"KT Ragnarsson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ragnarsson K T, O'Daniel W J r, Edgar R, Pollack S, Petrofsky J, Nash M S (1988) Clinical evaluation of computerized functional electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury: a multicenter pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 69: 672\u2013677.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.1991.10.0009","volume":"28","author":"SF Figoni","year":"1991","unstructured":"Figoni S F, Glaser R M, Rodgers M M, Hooker S P, Ezenwa B N, Collins S R et al (1991) Acute hemodynamic responses of spinal cord injured individuals to functional neuromuscular stimulation-induced knee extension exercise. J Rehabil Res Dev 28: 9\u201318.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR39","first-page":"243","volume":"56","author":"F Gracanin","year":"1975","unstructured":"Gracanin F, Trnkoczy A (1975) Optimal stimulus parameters for minimum pain in the chronic stimulation of innervated muscle. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 56: 243\u2013249.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198808000-00010","volume":"233","author":"LL Baker","year":"1988","unstructured":"Baker L L, Bowman B R, McNeal D R (1988) Effects of waveform on comfort during neuromuscular stimulation. Clin Orthop 233: 75\u201385.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"BFsc199395_CR41","first-page":"21","volume":"20","author":"JA Gruner","year":"1983","unstructured":"Gruner J A, Glaser R M, Feinberg S D, Collins S R, Nussbaum N S (1983) A system for evaluation and exercise conditioning of paralyzed leg muscles. J Rehabil Res Dev 20(1): 21\u201330.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"BFsc199395_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199214020-00003","volume":"14","author":"K Hainaut","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hainaut K, Duchateau J (1992) Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and voluntary exercise. Sports Med 14(2): 100\u2013113.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR43","unstructured":"Matthews J, Malone L, Burnham R, Steadward R D, Wheeler G D (in press) The effects of surface anaesthetic on pain perception during functional electrical stimulation. (Abstract). VISTA 1993 (May 14\u201320), Jasper, Alberta."},{"issue":"6","key":"BFsc199395_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/72.6.410","volume":"72","author":"A Delitto","year":"1992","unstructured":"Delitto A, Strube M J, Shulman A D, Minor S D (1992) A study of discomfort with electrical stimulation. Phys Ther 72(6): 410\u2013424.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR45","first-page":"534","volume":"31","author":"JJ Laskin","year":"1993","unstructured":"Laskin J J, Ashley E A, Olenik L M, Burnham R, Cumming D C, Steadward R D et al (1993) Electrical stimulation assisted rowing exercise with people in spinal cord injuries. A pilot study. Paraplegia 31: 534\u2013541.","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"BFsc199395_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheps D S, Bragdon E E, Gray T F, Ballenger M, Usedom J E, Maixner W (1992) Am J Cardiol 70: 3F\u20135F.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(92)90181-W"}],"container-title":["Spinal Cord"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/sc199395.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/sc199395","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/sc199395.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T05:19:42Z","timestamp":1686028782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/sc199395"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,9]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,9]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsc199395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.1993.95","relation":{},"ISSN":["1362-4393","1476-5624"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1362-4393","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5624","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,9]]}}}