{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:20:50Z","timestamp":1787242850771,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,7]],"date-time":"2017-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486425600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Spinal Cord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2017.9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,7]],"date-time":"2017-02-07T05:21:06Z","timestamp":1486444866000},"page":"553-558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A latent structural equation model of risk behaviors and pressure ulcer outcomes among people with spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N D","family":"DiPiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsc20179_CR1","first-page":"343","volume":"19","author":"J Black","year":"2007","unstructured":"Black J, Baharestani M, Cuddigan J, Dorner B, Edsberg L, Langemo D et al. National pressure ulcer advisory panel's updated pressure ulcer staging system. Dermatol Nurs 2007; 19: 343\u2013349, quiz 50.","journal-title":"Dermatol Nurs"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.18050","volume":"82","author":"JS Krause","year":"2001","unstructured":"Krause JS, Vines CL, Farley TL, Sniezek J, Coker J . An exploratory study of pressure ulcers after spinal cord injury: relationship to protective behaviors and risk factors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001; 82: 107\u2013113.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2003.08.108","volume":"85","author":"JS Krause","year":"2004","unstructured":"Krause JS, Broderick L . Patterns of recurrent pressure ulcers after spinal cord injury: identification of risk and protective factors 5 or more years after onset. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 85: 1257\u20131264.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2009-0454","volume":"24","author":"LS Saladin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Saladin LS, Krause JS, Adkins RH . Pressure ulcer prevalence and barriers to treatment after spinal cord injury: comparisons of 4 groups based on race-ethnicity. NeuroRehabil 2009; 24: 57\u201366.","journal-title":"NeuroRehabil"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1602-61","volume":"16","author":"LL Saunders","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saunders LL, Krause JS . Personality and behavioral predictors of pressure ulcer history. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2010; 16: 61\u201371.","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2010.11689717","volume":"33","author":"LL Saunders","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saunders LL, Krause JS, Peters BA, Reed KS . The relationship of pressure ulcers, race, and socioeconomic conditions after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2010; 33: 387\u2013395.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.02.004","volume":"93","author":"LL Saunders","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saunders LL, Krause JS, Acuna J . Association of race, socioeconomic status, and health care access with pressure ulcers after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012; 93: 972\u2013977.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100528","volume":"36","author":"JS Krause","year":"1998","unstructured":"Krause JS . Skin sores after spinal cord injury: relationship to life adjustment. Spinal Cord 1998; 36: 51\u201356.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.08.003","volume":"95","author":"D Lala","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lala D, Dumont FS, Leblond J, Houghton PE, Noreau L . Impact of pressure ulcers on individuals living with a spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2014; 95: 2312\u20132319.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2014.23.6.331","volume":"23","author":"L Lourenco","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lourenco L, Blanes L, Salome GM, Ferreira LM . Quality of life and self-esteem in patients with paraplegia and pressure ulcers: a controlled cross-sectional study. J Wound Care 2014; 23: 331\u2013334, 6-7.","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1996.81","volume":"34","author":"RL Johnson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Johnson RL, Brooks CA, Whiteneck GG . Cost of traumatic spinal cord injury in a population-based registry. Spinal Cord 1996; 34: 470\u2013480.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101019","volume":"38","author":"G Savic","year":"2000","unstructured":"Savic G, Short DJ, Weitzenkamp D, Charlifue S, Gardner BP . Hospital readmissions in people with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2000; 38: 371\u2013377.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101601","volume":"42","author":"JW Middleton","year":"2004","unstructured":"Middleton JW, Lim K, Taylor L, Soden R, Rutkowski S . Patterns of morbidity and rehospitalisation following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2004; 42: 359\u2013367.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.11.062","volume":"89","author":"JS Krause","year":"2008","unstructured":"Krause JS, Carter RE, Pickelsimer EE, Wilson D . A prospective study of health and risk of mortality after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008; 89: 1482\u20131491.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.158","volume":"50","author":"JS Krause","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krause JS, Saunders LL, Zhai Y . Stability of predictors of mortality after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2012; 50: 281\u2013284.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2013.2","volume":"51","author":"Y Cao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cao Y, Krause JS, Dipiro N . Risk factors for mortality after spinal cord injury in the USA. Spinal Cord 2013; 51: 413\u2013418.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1996.46","volume":"34","author":"DW Byrne","year":"1996","unstructured":"Byrne DW, Salzberg CA . Major risk factors for pressure ulcers in the spinal cord disabled: a literature review. Spinal Cord 1996; 34: 255\u2013263.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2013.29","volume":"51","author":"J Marin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marin J, Nixon J, Gorecki C . A systematic review of risk factors for the development and recurrence of pressure ulcers in people with spinal cord injuries. Spinal Cord 2013; 51: 522\u2013527.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.107","volume":"47","author":"A Gelis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gelis A, Dupeyron A, Legros P, Benaim C, Pelissier J, Fattal C . Pressure ulcer risk factors in persons with SCI: part I: acute and rehabilitation stages. Spinal Cord 2009; 47: 99\u2013107.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.32","volume":"47","author":"A Gelis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gelis A, Dupeyron A, Legros P, Benaim C, Pelissier J, Fattal C . Pressure ulcer risk factors in persons with spinal cord injury part 2: the chronic stage. Spinal Cord 2009; 47: 651\u2013661.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2012.08.003","volume":"55","author":"JM Michel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Michel JM, Willebois S, Ribinik P, Barrois B, Colin D, Passadori Y . As of 2012, what are the key predictive risk factors for pressure ulcers? Developing French guidelines for clinical practice. Ann Phys Med Rehabil 2012; 55: 454\u2013465.","journal-title":"Ann Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.11.014","volume":"7","author":"SL Groah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Groah SL, Schladen M, Pineda CG, Hsieh CH . Prevention of pressure ulcers among people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. PM R 2015; 7: 613\u2013636.","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.8.974","volume":"296","author":"M Reddy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reddy M, Gill SS, Rochon PA . Preventing pressure ulcers: a systematic review. JAMA 2006; 296: 974\u2013984.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.08.212","volume":"90","author":"M Regan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Regan M, Teasell R, Wolfe D, Keast D, Mortenson W, Aubut J . A systematic review of therapeutic interventions for pressure ulcers after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009; 90: 213\u2013231.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2014.02.0064","volume":"52","author":"JY Tung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tung JY, Stead B, Mann W, Pham B, Popovic MR . Assistive technologies for self-managed pressure ulcer prevention in spinal cord injury: a scoping review. J Rehabil Res Dev 2015; 52: 131\u2013146.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR26","first-page":"300","volume":"62","author":"S Lamid","year":"1983","unstructured":"Lamid S, El Ghatit AZ . Smoking, spasticity and pressure sores in spinal cord injured patients. Am J Phys Med 1983; 62: 300\u2013306.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199603000-00004","volume":"75","author":"CA Salzberg","year":"1996","unstructured":"Salzberg CA, Byrne DW, Cayten CG, van Niewerburgh P, Murphy JG, Viehbeck M . A new pressure ulcer risk assessment scale for individuals with spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1996; 75: 96\u2013104.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR28","volume-title":"Spinal Cord Injury Desk Reference: Guidelines for Life Care Planning and Case Management","author":"TL Blackwell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Blackwell TL, Krause JS, Winkler T, Steins SA . Spinal Cord Injury Desk Reference: Guidelines for Life Care Planning and Case Management. Demos Medical Publishing: New York, NY. 2001."},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215503cr692oa","volume":"17","author":"P Raghavan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Raghavan P, Raza WA, Ahmed YS, Chamberlain MA . Prevalence of pressure sores in a community sample of spinal injury patients. Clin Rehabil 2003; 17: 879\u2013884.","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(98)00042-X","volume":"16","author":"YH Leow","year":"1998","unstructured":"Leow YH, Maibach HI . Cigarette smoking, cutaneous vasculature, and tissue oxygen. Clin Dermatol 1998; 16: 579\u2013584.","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.53","volume":"54","author":"C Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li C, DiPiro ND, Cao Y, Szlachcic Y, Krause J . The association between metabolic syndrome and pressure ulcers among individuals living with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2016; 54: 967\u2013972.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.02.022","volume":"85","author":"DG Tate","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tate DG, Forchheimer MB, Krause JS, Meade MA, Bombardier CH . Patterns of alcohol and substance use and abuse in persons with spinal cord injury: risk factors and correlates. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 85: 1837\u20131847.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.09.007","volume":"80","author":"A Artero","year":"2015","unstructured":"Artero A, Artero A, Tarin JJ, Cano A . The impact of moderate wine consumption on health. Maturitas 2015; 80: 3\u201313.","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2016.03.007","volume":"26","author":"G de Gaetano","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Gaetano G, Costanzo S, Di Castelnuovo A, Badimon L, Bejko D, Alkerwi A et al. Effects of moderate beer consumption on health and disease: a consensus document. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 26: 443\u2013467.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR35","first-page":"42","volume":"21","author":"HS Ballard","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ballard HS . The hematological complications of alcoholism. Alcohol Health Res World 1997; 21: 42\u201352.","journal-title":"Alcohol Health Res World"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.08.027","volume":"83","author":"LJ Gould","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gould LJ, Olney CM, Nichols JS, Block AR, Simon RM, Guihan M . Spinal cord injury survey to determine pressure ulcer vulnerability in the outpatient population. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83: 552\u2013558.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR37","first-page":"220","volume":"27","author":"CS Lieber","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lieber CS . Relationships between nutrition, alcohol use, and liver disease. Alcohol Res Health 2003; 27: 220\u2013231.","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1304","volume":"32","author":"AJ Patek Jr","year":"1979","unstructured":"Patek AJ Jr . Alcohol, malnutrition, and alcoholic cirrhosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1979; 32: 1304\u20131312.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.07.219","volume":"91","author":"JS Krause","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krause JS . Risk for subsequent injuries after spinal cord injury: a 10-year longitudinal analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010; 91: 1741\u20131746.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.01.017","volume":"85","author":"JS Krause","year":"2004","unstructured":"Krause JS . Factors associated with risk for subsequent injuries after traumatic spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 85: 1503\u20131508.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li C, DiPiro ND, Krause JS . A latent structural equation model of protective behaviors and pressure ulcer outcomes among people living with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2016 (in press).","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.166"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR42","first-page":"1","volume":"46","author":"E Powell-Griner","year":"1997","unstructured":"Powell-Griner E, Anderson JE, Murphy W . State-and sex-specific prevalence of selected characteristics\u2014behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 1994 and 1995. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 1997; 46: 1\u201331.","journal-title":"MMWR CDC Surveill Summ"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2009.11760768","volume":"32","author":"JS Krause","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krause JS, McArdle JJ, Pickelsimer E, Reed KS . A latent variable structural path model of health behaviors after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2009; 32: 162\u2013174.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR44","first-page":"217","volume":"2","author":"JS Krause","year":"1996","unstructured":"Krause JS . Secondary conditions and spinal cord injury: a model for prediction and prevention. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 1996; 2: 217\u2013227.","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR45","first-page":"283","volume":"40","author":"M Noble","year":"2003","unstructured":"Noble M, Voegeli D, Clough GF . A comparison of cutaneous vascular responses to transient pressure loading in smokers and nonsmokers. J Rehabil Res Dev 2003; 40: 283\u2013288.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200401000-00022","volume":"22","author":"L Dalla Vecchia","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dalla Vecchia L, Palombo C, Ciardetti M, Porta A, Milani O, Kozakova M et al. Contrasting effects of acute and chronic cigarette smoking on skin microcirculation in young healthy subjects. J Hypertens 2004; 22: 129\u2013135.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"BFsc20179_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1097","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2001.281.4.R1097","volume":"281","author":"CE Black","year":"2001","unstructured":"Black CE, Huang N, Neligan PC, Levine RH, Lipa JE, Lintlop S et al. Effect of nicotine on vasoconstrictor and vasodilator responses in human skin vasculature. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 281: R1097\u2013R1104.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"}],"container-title":["Spinal Cord"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/sc20179.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/sc20179","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/sc.2017.9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/sc20179.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T18:32:58Z","timestamp":1684607578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/sc20179"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,7]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsc20179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2017.9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1362-4393","1476-5624"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1362-4393","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5624","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 October 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}