{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T15:53:51Z","timestamp":1761580431383},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,3]],"date-time":"2009-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4416,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The effects of \u03b1\u2010latrotoxin (\u03b1LTX) on muscle tone, resting membrane potential, cyclic nucleotide content, and ultrastructure were examined in feline oesophageal smooth muscle, including the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In circular smooth muscle strips from LOS developing active tone, \u03b1LTX (1 n<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>) induced a 94\u00b13% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=16) relaxation. Intermittent treatment with \u03b1LTX for 4 h abolished the response. Pretreatment with N<jats:sup>G<\/jats:sup>\u2010nitro\u2010<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010arginine (<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010NOARG; 0.1 m<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>) attenuated the relaxation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In carbachol\u2010contracted circular smooth muscle strips from the LOS and oesophageal body (OB), \u03b1LTX induced a 95\u00b15% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=6) and 73\u00b19% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=8) relaxation, respectively. The relaxations were attenuated by <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010NOARG, and in LOS strips, the relaxation was abolished by the combination of <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010NOARG and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)\u2010antiserum (1:25). At resting tension in circular smooth muscle strips from the OB, \u03b1LTX induced a scopolamine sensitive contraction in the presence of <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010NOARG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In circular LOS and OB preparations, \u03b1LTX changed the resting membrane potential from \u221249\u00b12 mV to \u221259\u00b13 mV (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=4), and \u221262\u00b12 mV to \u221271\u00b13 mV (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=4), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The \u03b1LTX\u2010induced relaxation of LOS and OB muscle was associated with a 138% and 72% increase in cyclic GMP levels, respectively. No changes in cyclic AMP levels were observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Ultrastructural analysis of LOS and OB revealed a rich supply of nerve profiles containing small synaptic and large dense core vesicles. \u03b1LTX treatment resulted in a loss of both types of vesicle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>These results suggest that \u03b1LTX induces relaxation of oesophageal circular smooth muscle associated with NO\u2010generation and transmitter release from synaptic vesicles. Beside NO, VIP seems to be involved in the relaxant effects of \u03b1LTX on the LOS. In addition, \u03b1LTX may have contractile effects by release of acetylcholine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><jats:p> <jats:italic>British Journal of Pharmacology<\/jats:italic> (1997) <jats:bold>120<\/jats:bold>, 31\u201338; doi:<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0700882\">10.1038\/sj.bjp.0700882<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0700882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,25]],"date-time":"2006-08-25T16:03:05Z","timestamp":1156521785000},"page":"31-38","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["<i>\u03b1<\/i>\u2010Latrotoxin\u2010induced transmitter release in feline oesophageal smooth muscle: focus on nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal peptide"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Lars","family":"Ny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristian","family":"Waldeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Carlemalm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl\u2010Erik","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01611983"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Sphincters: Normal Function\u2014Changes in Diseases","author":"Daniel E.E.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y84-058"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-0115(95)00052-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.68.3.462"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"751","volume-title":"Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract","author":"Gabella G.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp018115"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(94)90030-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00592631"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"Nonadrenergic non\u2010cholinergic inhibitory transmitters of the gut","volume":"8","author":"Makhlouf G.M.","year":"1993","journal-title":"News Physiol. 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