{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T11:45:32Z","timestamp":1784202332367,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,10]],"date-time":"2009-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1234224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3968,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The nerve\u2010mediated contraction of the female rabbit bladder neck and different portions of the urethra (proximal, medial and distal) was studied <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> by electrical stimulation (50\u2003V, 30\u2003Hz, 0.05\u2003ms width, trains of 5\u2003s every 5\u2003min) by use of a superfusion system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The amplitude (E<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>) and the duration (D<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>) of the stimulated contraction were studied in the four tissues. The E<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> value was significantly higher in distal urethra (2.07\u00b10.15\u2003g) compared to the bladder neck (1.08\u00b10.10\u2003g), proximal urethra (0.73\u00b10.07\u2003g) and medial urethra (0.87\u00b10.07\u2003g). In contrast, the D<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> value appeared slightly but significantly lower (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05) in distal urethra (68.5\u00b12.3\u2003s) than in bladder neck (76.7\u00b16.0\u2003s), proximal urethra (84.5\u00b15.0\u2003s) and medial urethra (81.3\u00b13.5\u2003s).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Cocaine (1\u2003\u03bc<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>) significantly increased the basal E<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> values in medial and distal urethra and the basal D<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> values in the four tissues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Prazosin (1\u2003\u03bc<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>) significantly reduced E<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> value in proximal, medial and distal urethra and D<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> value in bladder neck and proximal urethra. Atropine (1\u2003\u03bc<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>) also significantly reduced E<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> values in bladder neck and proximal urethra and reduced D<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> value in bladder neck, but not in other tissues. Yohimbine (0.1\u2003\u03bc<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>) was devoid of effect in the four tissues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The association of prazosin (1\u2003\u03bc<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>) and atropine (1\u2003\u03bc<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>) did not modify the E<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> and the D<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> values of the electrically\u2010induced contractions, except in proximal urethra and in bladder neck where an additive inhibitory effect (on E<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> only) was observed compared to prazosin and atropine alone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The residual contractile response after combined treatment with prazosin and atropine was significantly diminished by tetrodotoxin (TTX; 1\u2003\u03bc<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>) but not completely abolished. These NANC contractions were insensitive to P2X\u2010purinoceptor desensitization by continuous tissue perfusion with \u03b1,\u03b2\u2010methylene ATP (30\u2003\u03bc<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>These results demonstrate that bladder neck and proximal urethra are mainly innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system, whereas medial and distal urethras are to a greater extent under the control of the sympathetic innervation. The residual responses, insensitive to prazosin and atropine, may indicate a NANC innervation in the four tissues. However, the nature of the NANC neurotransmitter remains to be identified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>British Journal of Pharmacology<\/jats:italic> (1998) <jats:bold>123<\/jats:bold>, 1517\u20131524; doi:<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0701757\">10.1038\/sj.bjp.0701757<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0701757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,28]],"date-time":"2005-01-28T19:27:23Z","timestamp":1106940443000},"page":"1517-1524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The adrenergic, cholinergic and NANC nerve\u2010mediated contractions of the female rabbit bladder neck and proximal, medial and distal urethra"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Deplanne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9fano","family":"Palea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itzchak","family":"Angel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1991.tb09056.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)37208-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1984.tb10078.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1995.tb00765.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1975.tb03947.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1990.tb12115.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1992.tb14332.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1977.tb10387.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365597809179973"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)53216-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(92)90240-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15584.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1985.sp015814"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y83-006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/276623a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1993.tb06461.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)47185-0","article-title":"A pharmacological study of alpha adrenergic receptor subtypes in smooth muscle of human urinary bladder base and prostatic urethra","volume":"134","author":"Kunizawa Y.","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. 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