{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T09:18:48Z","timestamp":1776244728911,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,3]],"date-time":"2009-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3839,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>A neuropeptide, galanin, regulates the reproductive process and directly induces myometrial contraction. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of galanin\u2010induced myometrial contraction. For this purpose, we simultaneously measured intracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> concentration ([Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>) and tension using fura\u2010PE3\u2010fluorometry and the rat longitudinal myometrium. The effect of galanin on the Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> sensitivity of the contractile apparatus was examined in \u03b2\u2010escin permeabilized strips. The expression of galanin and the galanin receptors mRNAs in the rat myometrium were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2010PCR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Galanin (10\u2013300\u2003n<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>) induced phasic contraction with or without oscillation in the pregnant rat myometrium in a concentration\u2010dependent manner. The maximal response was obtained at 100\u2003n<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>. There was no significant difference either in the maximal responses or EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values for galanin\u2010induced myometrial contractions among myometriums from non\u2010pregnant and pregnant (day 4, day 11, day 20, day 22) rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In the day 20 and 22 pregnant myometriums, assigning the levels of [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> and tension at 40\u2003m<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc> K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2010depolarization to be 100%, galanin increased the [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> and tension to 126.9\u00b12.9% and 116.3\u00b12.7%, respectively. Diltiazem (10\u2003\u03bc<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>) inhibited the galanin\u2010induced elevation of [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> and tension to 71.9\u00b12.4% and 16.2\u00b10.7%, respectively. Ni<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>, by itself, decreased the basal [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> to \u221250.2\u00b13.9% without affecting resting tension. After Ni<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> treatment, galanin\u2010induced increases in [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> and tension were \u221219.6\u00b13.4% and 0.9\u00b10.1%, respectively. In myometrium treated with diltiazem, no oscillation in [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> and tension was observed. In Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2010free solution with 0.1\u2003m<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc> EGTA, galanin increased [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> from \u221240.2\u00b12.7% to \u221218.0\u00b12.6% and induced transient contraction (3.6\u00b10.8%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In \u03b2\u2010escin permeabilized myometrium, galanin enhanced the contraction induced by 0.3\u2003\u03bc<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc> Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> in the presence of GTP. In the presence of GDP\u03b2S (1\u2003m<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>) instead of GTP, galanin failed to increase the Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> sensitivity of the contractile apparatus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>RT\u2010PCR revealed that galanin mRNA was hardly expressed in the non\u2010pregnant rat myometrium and increased to reach a maximal level at mid pregnancy (day 11), but decreased to the same level as in the non\u2010pregnant myometrium at term (day 22). Type\u20032 galanin receptor (GALR2) mRNA was found to be expressed in the rat myometrium whereas type 1 galanin receptor (GALR1) mRNA expression was not detected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In conclusion, galanin induces contraction of the rat myometrium by increasing [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> as well as by increasing Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> sensitivity of the contractile apparatus. Galanin\u2010induced increases in [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> are caused by both intracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> release and Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> influx from extracellular space. The responsiveness of the rat myometrium to galanin does not change during pregnancy. The galanin mRNA is expressed in the rat myometrium and it is upregulated during mid\u2010pregnancy. Rat myometrium expresses GALR2 but not GALR1 mRNA. By changing mRNA expression in the myometrium during pregnancy, galanin may act as a paracrine or autocrine mediator in the regulation of myometrial contractility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>British Journal of Pharmacology<\/jats:italic> (1998) <jats:bold>124<\/jats:bold>, 1623\u20131632; doi:<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702004\">10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702004<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,28]],"date-time":"2005-01-28T19:35:54Z","timestamp":1106940954000},"page":"1623-1632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Mechanisms of galanin\u2010induced contraction in the rat myometrium"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Naohisa","family":"Niiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junji","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katsuya","family":"Hirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hitoo","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideo","family":"Kanaide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1990.tb14118.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(88)90154-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02736757"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(96)00128-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(87)90021-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3030369","article-title":"Inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by galanin in rat insulinoma cells is mediated by the G\u2010protein Gi3","volume":"303","author":"De Mazancourt P.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem. 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