{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T11:25:59Z","timestamp":1745580359345},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,29]],"date-time":"2009-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3561,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Non\u2010responders to inhaled nitric oxide treatment have been observed in various patient groups. The bronchodilatory effect of inhaled nitric oxide was attenuated when the airway lumen was rendered hyperosmolar in an <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> study on rabbits. We used a guinea\u2010pig tracheal perfusion model to investigate the effects of increased osmolarity (450\u2003mOsm, NaCl added) on the relaxing potency of the nitric oxide donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and (\u00b1)\u2010S\u2010nitroso\u2010N\u2010acetylpenicillamine (SNAP).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Under iso\u2010osmolar conditions SNP relaxed the carbachol (CCh, 1\u2003\u03bc<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>) contracted trachea by 83\u00b13%. After pretreatment with intraluminal hyperosmolarity SNP relaxed the CCh\u2010contracted trachea by only 31\u00b17% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05). When the trachea was contracted to the same extent under untreated and hyperosmolar conditions, the untreated trachea was completely relaxed by SNP but, after hyperosmolar pretreatment, SNP could no longer relax the trachea.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>SNAP relaxed the CCh contracted trachea by 27\u00b15%. After pretreatment with intraluminal hyperosmolarity, SNAP relaxed the trachea by 11\u00b14%, which was less than in the iso\u2010osmolar control (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Extraluminal hyperosmolarity did not affect carbachol elicited contraction, and SNP administered externally during extraluminal hyperosmolarity was able to relax the trachea (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The cell permeable guanosine 3\u20325\u2032\u2010cyclic monophosphate analogue 8\u2010Br\u2010cGMP relaxed the CCh contracted trachea in both iso\u2010osmolar (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05) and hyperosmolar conditions (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The relaxant effect of nitric oxide donors on tracheal smooth muscle is markedly reduced when the airway epithelium is exposed to hyperosmolar solution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>British Journal of Pharmacology<\/jats:italic> (1999) <jats:bold>127<\/jats:bold>, 391\u2013396; doi:<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702569\">10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702569<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,28]],"date-time":"2005-01-28T20:03:49Z","timestamp":1106942629000},"page":"391-396","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Hyperosmolarity reduces the relaxing potency of nitric oxide donors in guinea\u2010pig trachea"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Josephine","family":"Hjoberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marieann","family":"H\u00f6gman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6ran","family":"Hedenstierna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.62.2.526","article-title":"Effect of cold and warm dry air hyperventilation on canine airway blood flow","volume":"62","author":"BAILE E.M.","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. 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