{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T10:55:08Z","timestamp":1792839308483,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,29]],"date-time":"2009-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3103,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>For general anaesthesia, patients usually receive a combination of drugs, all of which are classified as \u03b3\u2010amino\u2010butyric acid (GABA) agonists, with two notable exceptions \u2013 ketamine and nitrous oxide (laughing gas, N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O) \u2013 which are antagonists of N\u2010methyl\u2010D\u2010aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors. At clinically relevant doses both ketamine and N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O, like other NMDA antagonists, have the potential to induce psychotomimetic reactions in humans and to cause pathomorphological changes in cerebrocortical neurons in rat brain. Because drug combinations used in clinical anaesthesia sometimes include both ketamine and N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O, we undertook experiments to evaluate whether augmented neurotoxicity results from their combined use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Ketamine and N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O were administered alone or in combination by various dosing regimens to adult female rats for a duration of 3\u2003h and the severity of cerebrocortical neurotoxic changes was quantified histologically. Because GABA agonists are known to protect against the psychotomimetic and neurotoxic effects of NMDA antagonists, we also evaluated whether the combined neurotoxicity of ketamine+N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O can be prevented by certain commonly used GABA agonists.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>When ketamine and N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O were used in combination the neurotoxic reaction was enhanced to a degree much greater than can be explained by simple additivity. The apparent synergistic interaction was particularly striking when low doses of the agents were combined, the degree of toxic synergism at higher doses being masked by a ceiling effect. GABA agonists protected against ketamine\/N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O neurotoxicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>It is recommended that this information be taken into consideration in the selection of drugs to be used in multi\u2010agent protocols for general anaesthesia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>British Journal of Pharmacology<\/jats:italic> (2000) <jats:bold>130<\/jats:bold>, 1692\u20131698; doi:<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703479\">10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703479<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,28]],"date-time":"2005-01-28T21:17:57Z","timestamp":1106947077000},"page":"1692-1698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Ketamine potentiates cerebrocortical damage induced by the common anaesthetic agent nitrous oxide in adult rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Vesna","family":"Jevtovic\u2010Todorovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Benshoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John 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