{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T13:54:24Z","timestamp":1761486864101},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,2]],"date-time":"2009-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2316,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>The present study was aimed at elucidating the apoptosis inhibitory properties of the cyanoguanidine CHS 828. CHS 828 exhibits impressive cytotoxic activity <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Apoptosis is not its main mode of cytotoxic effect, and we have previously proposed a dual mechanism, where CHS 828 inhibits its own cell death pathways.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>Etoposide on the other hand, is a well\u2010established anticancer agent with documented effect in a number of malignancies, induces apoptosis through extensively studied caspase dependent pathways.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>Here we studied the combined effect of the two drugs in the human lymphoma cell line U\u2010937 GTB. Cytotoxicity was evaluated as total viability measured by the fluorometric microculture cytotoxicity assay (FMCA). Caspase activity was assessed by colorimetric detection of specific cleavage products for caspases 3, 8 and 9, respectively. Morphology was evaluated in May\u2010Gr\u00fcnwald\/Giemsa stained preparations. Interaction analysis based on FMCA results of simple combination exposure revealed impressive synergistic effect on cell kill.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>Detailed investigations of the kinetics involved showed that short pre\u2010exposure (0\u201312 h) to CHS 828 enhanced caspase activation by etoposide, while longer pre\u2010exposure (18\u201348 h) inhibited both caspase activation and apoptotic morphology otherwise induced by etoposide. The present results support the theory that CHS 828 block specific cell death pathways.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>The synergistic results are promising for future combination trials in animals, however, different dosing schedules should be considered, in order to investigate whether the above findings translate into the <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> setting.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>British Journal of Pharmacology<\/jats:italic> (2002) <jats:bold>137<\/jats:bold>, 568\u2013573. doi:<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704888\">10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704888<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]],"date-time":"2002-10-01T17:41:09Z","timestamp":1033494069000},"page":"568-573","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The combination of the antitumoural pyridyl cyanoguanidine CHS 828 and etoposide <i>in vitro<\/i>\u2013from cytotoxic synergy to complete inhibition of apoptosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"P","family":"Martinsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Ekelund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Nygren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"What is synergy","volume":"41","author":"BERENBAUM M.C.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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