{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T20:31:31Z","timestamp":1790973091897,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,2]],"date-time":"2009-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1890,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Cellular hypertrophy and\/or a reduced rate of apoptosis could increase airway smooth muscle mass. As cardiotrophin\u20101 (CT\u20101) induces hypertrophy and inhibits apoptosis in cardiomyocytes, we tested for the expression and effects of CT\u20101 in human bronchial smooth muscle cells (HBSMC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>CT\u20101 was detected in abundance in normal adult human lung and was expressed in both fetal and adult HBSMC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Following serum deprivation, CT\u20101 was released by reintroduction of serum and by TGF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>2\/IL\u20104 in fetal but not adult cells. TGF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>2\/IL\u20104 triggered the release of CT\u20101 in serum\u2010fed adult cells. Hypoxia and strain had no effect on the release of CT\u20101.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>CT\u20101 reduced the apoptosis induced both by serum deprivation and by Fas antibody\/TNF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> treatment in adult cells, with greater efficacy than other members of the IL\u20106 superfamily. The MAPK\/ERK kinase inhibitor PD98059 (1\u201310 <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic><jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>) reduced the effect of CT\u20101. Fetal cells were more resistant to apoptosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>CT\u20101 (10 ng ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) induced a significant increase in cell size as judged by protein\/DNA ratios and flow cytometry. No effects on smooth muscle <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u2010actin or vimentin proteins were noted, although CT\u20101 qualitatively alters the cytostructural distribution of SM22, an actin filament\u2010associated protein, and increased SM22 protein abundance. No effect on proliferation or migration was evident.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>These data suggest CT\u20101 expression primarily in fetal and synthetic HBSMC phenotypes. By reducing the rates of apoptosis and inducing hypertrophy, CT\u20101 may contribute to increased smooth muscle mass in airway disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>British Journal of Pharmacology<\/jats:italic> (2003) <jats:bold>140<\/jats:bold>, 1237\u20131244. doi:<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705562\">10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705562<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,26]],"date-time":"2003-11-26T18:51:37Z","timestamp":1069872697000},"page":"1237-1244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Expression and effects of cardiotrophin\u20101 (CT\u20101) in human airway smooth muscle cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Danyi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueyan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Stelmack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J","family":"Halayko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delbert","family":"Dorscheid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony R","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.2002.1033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.2.9907151"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200209-1030OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.1999.276.3.L412"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(01)00294-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1997.69062278.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1993.1198"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/148.3.720"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199512000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.1999.276.1.L197"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"L1040","article-title":"Markers of airway smooth muscle cell phenotype","volume":"270","author":"HALAYKO A.J.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. 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