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Possible approaches to treatment of the resulting incontinence are reviewed and it is acknowledged that in the future, the optimal treatment for incontinence may be determined by its precise underlying pathophysiology in each instance, for example, suprapontine causes requiring different medication to spinal causes. Although the main emphasis of urological research and development so far has been the treatment of incontinence, effective therapy for other bladder disorders such an impaired emptying or bladder pain could have an important impact on the bladder symptoms of many patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>British Journal of Pharmacology<\/jats:italic> (2006) <jats:bold>147<\/jats:bold>, S14\u2013S24. doi:<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706629\">10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706629<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,8]],"date-time":"2006-02-08T05:01:40Z","timestamp":1139374900000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Integrated control of lower urinary tract \u2013 clinical perspective"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Clare J.","family":"Fowler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.10052"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00622-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/87.2.233"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2005.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(96)00567-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67048-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.4.429"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.2.369"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/18.3.183"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)35246-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1258"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1998.275.2.F226"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.11.2033"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903590208"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.1.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)00833-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00591-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2003.04722.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1985.tb04618.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(00)01643-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01483-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903630408"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)90932-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-445X.1999.tb00080.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg216"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1176"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)63330-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(75)90417-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00587-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(90)90105-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000100385.93801.d4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000020004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/56.2.149"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","first-page":"199","article-title":"Presumptive sensory axons of the human urinary bladder. 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