{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T19:04:03Z","timestamp":1761764643522},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,10]],"date-time":"2009-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1234224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1105,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, late\u2010stage clinical drug development that primarily focuses on urogenital targets has centered around four areas of medical need (both unmet need and aiming to improve on existing therapies). These include male sexual dysfunction (MSD), female sexual dysfunction (FSD), prostatic pathology (neoplastic, pre\u2010neoplasitic, and non\u2010neoplastic), and improvement in lower urinary tract symptoms. Despite the regulatory approval of compounds to treat erectile dysfunction (ED), benign prostatic hyperplasia, a number of treatments for overactive bladder, and stress urinary incontinence, there remains a deficiency in addressing a number of conditions that arise out of pathophysiological dysfunction resulting in lower urogenital tract sexual conditions. In terms of late\u2010stage clinical development, significant progress has most recently been made in MSD development, especially in understanding further a common and complex sexual dysfunction \u2013 that of premature ejaculation. The search also continues for compounds that improve ED in terms of better efficacy and superior safety profile compared to the currently marketed phosphodiesterase\u20105\u2010inhibitors. Whilst there are no approved medications to treat the subtypes of FSD, there has been significant progress in attempting to better understand how to appropriately assess treatment benefit in clinical trial settings for this difficult to diagnose and treat condition. This review will focus on late\u2010stage human clinical development pertaining to MSD and FSD.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>British Journal of Pharmacology<\/jats:italic> (2006) <jats:bold>147<\/jats:bold>, S153\u2013S159. doi:<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706638\">10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706638<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,8]],"date-time":"2006-02-08T05:01:40Z","timestamp":1139374900000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Late\u2010stage clinical development in lower urogenital targets: sexual dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Usman","family":"Azam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3901198"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","volume-title":"DSM\u2010IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association (APA).","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association (APA).","year":"2000"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","first-page":"S74","article-title":"Evidence based assessment of rapid ejaculation","volume":"10","author":"ALTHOF S.E.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. 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