{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T04:15:58Z","timestamp":1782015358198,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,29]],"date-time":"2009-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":973,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Our study was aimed at investigating the duration of the bronchodilator action of the antimuscarinc drug glycopyrrolate compared to tiotropium and ipratropium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In the guinea\u2010pig isolated trachea, the time (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>) necessary for a contractile response to carbachol (0.3\u2003<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic><jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>) to return to 50% recovery after washout of the antagonist was studied. The offset of the antagonist effect of glycopyrrolate, tiotropium and ipratropium (10\u2003n<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc> each) was <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>=4.0\u00b10.5, &gt;4.5 and 0.5\u00b10.1\u2003h, respectively. At 4.5\u2003h from the washout of the antagonist, the recovery of the response to carbachol was 50\u00b18, 10\u00b14 and 70\u00b17%, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In the human isolated bronchus, the offset of the bronchodilator effects of glycopyrrolate (3\u2003n<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>), tiotropium (1\u2003n<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>) and ipratropium (10\u2003n<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>) was <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>=3.7\u00b10.2; &gt;6 and 3.0\u00b10.2\u2003h, respectively. At 6.0\u2003h from the washout of the antagonist, the recovery of the response to carbachol (1\u2003<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic><jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>) was 101\u00b110, 27\u00b13 and 110\u00b110%, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In anaesthetized guinea\u2010pigs, acetylcholine\u2010induced bronchoconstriction was markedly reduced by intratracheal instillation of glycopyrrolate (3\u2003nmol\u2003kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; 88.1\u00b14% inhibition), tiotropium (1.3\u2003nmol\u2003kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; 86.2\u00b15% inhibition) or ipratropium (1.45\u2003nmol\u2003kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; 88.1\u00b110% inhibition). These inhibitory effects assessed 3 or 24\u2003h after antagonist administration were reduced to 69.9\u00b15 and 29.7\u00b16%; 28.3\u00b15 and 14.2\u00b15% for glycopyrrolate and ipratropium, respectively, whereas they remained stable (83.5\u00b14; 70.6\u00b16) for tiotropium. The residual inhibitory effect of glycopyrrolate was also assessed at 16\u2003h from administration, and proved to be as low as that found at 24\u2003h (31.2\u00b110 vs 29.7\u00b16%, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In conclusion, glycopyrrolate\u2010induced bronchodilation has a longer duration than that of ipratropium, but less than that of tiotropium. The efficacy of a possible glycopyrrolate\u2010based therapy for asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease given once\u2010a\u2010day is not guaranteed by the present investigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>British Journal of Pharmacology<\/jats:italic> (2006) <jats:bold>148<\/jats:bold>, 291\u2013298. doi:<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706724\">10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706724<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,27]],"date-time":"2006-03-27T07:47:07Z","timestamp":1143445627000},"page":"291-298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Pharmacological assessment of the duration of action of glycopyrrolate vs tiotropium and ipratropium in guinea\u2010pig and human airways"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Gino","family":"Villetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Bergamaschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Bassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pier Tonino","family":"Bolzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selena","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo M","family":"Gigli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Janni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierangelo","family":"Geppetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Civelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Patacchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1524"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"24S","article-title":"The role of anticholinergics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"117","author":"BARNES P.J.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. 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