{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:42:24Z","timestamp":1790743344219,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,29]],"date-time":"2009-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":912,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Adenosine is a potent endogenous regulator of inflammation and tissue repair. Adenosine, which is released from injured and hypoxic tissue or in response to toxins and medications, may induce pulmonary fibrosis in mice, presumably\n                          <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                          interaction with a specific adenosine receptor. We therefore determined whether adenosine and its receptors contribute to the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          As in other tissues and cell types, adenosine is released\n                          <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                          in response to the fibrogenic stimuli ethanol (40\u2003mg\u2003dl\n                          <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                          ) and methotrexate (100\u2003n\n                          <jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>\n                          ).\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Adenosine A\n                          <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n                          receptors are expressed on rat and human hepatic stellate cell lines and adenosine A\n                          <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n                          receptor occupancy promotes collagen production by these cells. Liver sections from mice treated with the hepatotoxins carbon tetrachloride (CCl\n                          <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                          ) (0.05\u2003ml in oil, 50\u2003:\u200350 v\u2003:\u2003v, subcutaneously) and thioacetamide (100\u2003mg\u2003kg\n                          <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                          in PBS, intraperitoneally) released more adenosine than those from untreated mice when cultured\n                          <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                          .\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Adenosine A\n                          <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n                          receptor\u2010deficient, but not wild\u2010type or A\n                          <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                          receptor\u2010deficient, mice are protected from development of hepatic fibrosis following CCl\n                          <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                          or thioacetamide exposure.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Similarly, caffeine (50\u2003mg\u2003kg\n                          <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                          \u2003day\n                          <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                          , po), a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist, and ZM241385 (25\u2003mg\u2003kg\n                          <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                          bid), a more selective antagonist of the adenosine A\n                          <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n                          receptor, diminished hepatic fibrosis in wild\u2010type mice exposed to either CCl\n                          <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                          or thioacetamide.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          These results demonstrate that hepatic adenosine A\n                          <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n                          receptors play an active role in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis, and suggest a novel therapeutic target in the treatment and prevention of hepatic cirrhosis.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>British Journal of Pharmacology<\/jats:italic>\n                    (2006)\n                    <jats:bold>148<\/jats:bold>\n                    , 1144\u20131155. doi:\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706812\">10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706812<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,19]],"date-time":"2006-06-19T07:18:12Z","timestamp":1150701492000},"page":"1144-1155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":206,"title":["Adenosine A\n                    <sub>2A<\/sub>\n                    receptors play a role in the pathogenesis of hepatic cirrhosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Edwin S L","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Carmen","family":"Montesinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avani","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L","family":"Delano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herman","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison B","family":"Reiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael H","family":"Pillinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang\u2010Fan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A","family":"Schwarzschild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott L","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce 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