{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:23:44Z","timestamp":1772583824194,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,29]],"date-time":"2009-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":881,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose:<\/jats:title><jats:p>As pituitary adenylate cyclase\u2010activating polypeptide 38 (PACAP 38)\u2010 and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are widely distributed in the urinary tract, the current study investigated the receptors and mechanisms involved in relaxations induced by these peptides in the pig bladder neck.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Experimental approach:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Urothelium\u2010denuded strips were suspended in organ baths for isometric force recordings and the relaxations to VIP and PACAP analogues were investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>VIP, PACAP 38, PACAP 27 and [Ala<jats:sup>11,22,28<\/jats:sup>]\u2010VIP produced similar relaxations. Inhibition of neuronal voltage\u2010gated Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>channels reduced relaxations to PACAP 38 and increased those induced by VIP. Blockade of capsaicin\u2010sensitive primary afferents (CSPA), nitric oxide (NO)\u2010synthase or guanylate cyclase reduced the PACAP 38 relaxations but failed to modify the VIP responses. Inhibition of VIP\/PACAP receptors and of voltage\u2010gated K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>channels reduced PACAP 38 and VIP relaxations, which were not modified by the K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>channel blockers iberiotoxin, charybdotoxin, apamin or glibenclamide. The phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor rolipram and the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin produced potent relaxations. Blockade of protein kinase A (PKA) reduced PACAP 38\u2010 and VIP\u2010induced relaxations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and implications:<\/jats:title><jats:p>PACAP 38 and VIP relax the pig urinary bladder neck through muscle VPAC<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>receptors linked to the cAMP\u2010PKA pathway and involve activation of voltage\u2010gated K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>channels. Facilitatory PAC<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>receptors located at CSPA and coupled to NO release, and inhibitory VPAC receptors at motor endings are also involved in the relaxations to PACAP 38 and VIP, respectively. VIP\/PACAP receptor antagonists could be useful in the therapy of urinary incontinence produced by intrinsic sphincter deficiency.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>British Journal of Pharmacology<\/jats:italic>(2006)<jats:bold>149<\/jats:bold>, 100\u2013109. doi:<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706832\">10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706832<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,17]],"date-time":"2006-07-17T14:46:43Z","timestamp":1153147603000},"page":"100-109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Neuronal and smooth muscle receptors involved in the PACAP\u2010 and VIP\u2010induced relaxations of the pig urinary bladder neck"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M V","family":"Barahona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Recio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Benedito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A C","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Sacrist\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L M","family":"Orensanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00222.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000159197"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67201-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.1007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(99)01340-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.1997.19010125.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(99)00080-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(97)01144-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4889(96)00159-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00474-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"G774","article-title":"Stimulation of nitric oxide from muscle cells by VIP: prejunctional enhancement of VIP release","volume":"262","author":"Grider JR","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/JMN:11:1:43"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01360-7","article-title":"International Union of Pharmacology. 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