{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T09:57:22Z","timestamp":1779357442087,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,29]],"date-time":"2009-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":578,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ultralow doses of naltrexone, a non\u2010selective opioid antagonist, have previously been found to augment acute morphine analgesia and block the development of tolerance to this effect. Since morphine tolerance is dependent on the activity of \u03bc and \u03b4 receptors, the present study investigated the effects of ultralow doses of antagonists selective for these receptor types on morphine analgesia and tolerance in tests of thermal and mechanical nociception.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Experimental approach:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Effects of intrathecal administration of \u03bc\u2010receptor antagonists, CTOP (0.01\u2003ng) or CTAP (0.001\u2003ng), or a \u03b4\u2010receptor antagonist, naltrindole (0.01\u2003ng), on spinal morphine analgesia and tolerance were evaluated using the tail\u2010flick and paw\u2010pressure tests in rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both \u03bc and \u03b4 antagonists augmented analgesia produced by a sub\u2010maximal (5\u2003\u03bcg) or maximal (15\u2003\u03bcg) dose of morphine. Administration of the antagonists with morphine (15\u2003\u03bcg) for 5 days inhibited the progressive decline of analgesia and prevented the loss of morphine potency. In animals exhibiting tolerance to morphine, administration of the antagonists with morphine produced a recovery of the analgesic response and restored morphine potency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and implications:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Combining ultralow doses of \u03bc\u2010 or \u03b4\u2010receptor antagonists with spinal morphine augmented the acute analgesic effects, inhibited the induction of chronic tolerance and reversed established tolerance. The remarkably similar effects of \u03bc\u2010 and \u03b4\u2010opioid receptor antagonists on morphine analgesia and tolerance are interpreted in terms of blockade of the latent excitatory effects of the agonist that limit expression of its full activity.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>British Journal of Pharmacology<\/jats:italic> (2007) <jats:bold>151<\/jats:bold>, 877\u2013887; doi:<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707277\">10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707277<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,14]],"date-time":"2007-05-14T14:03:41Z","timestamp":1179151421000},"page":"877-887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Augmentation of spinal morphine analgesia and inhibition of tolerance by low doses of <i>\u03bc\u2010<\/i> and <i>\u03b4<\/i>\u2010opioid receptor antagonists"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"151","author":[{"given":"N S","family":"Abul\u2010Husn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Sutak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Milne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Jhamandas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-02-00735.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90078-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-05-03328.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2006.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M004385200"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.071031798"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(91)90270-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.01.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(96)00492-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(90)90322-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.23.10540"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09665.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00223-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)03010-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(86)90044-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199605000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(95)00554-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06747.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M000345200"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307601101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-22-j0007.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15217.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(93)90095-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10606820490464334"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00613-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","unstructured":"JhamandasK MilneB SutakM CahillCM(2006a).Ultra\u2010low doses of the alpha 2 receptor antagonist atipamezole augment spinal opioid analgesia and inhibit tolerance. 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