{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T12:58:28Z","timestamp":1790427508368,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,22]],"date-time":"2006-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1158883200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,26]],"date-time":"2006-09-26T04:28:06Z","timestamp":1159244886000},"page":"901-908","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Light, dark, and melatonin: emerging evidence for the importance of melatonin in ocular physiology"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"R","family":"Brennan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J E","family":"Jan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C J","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"BF6702597_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01543a060","volume":"80","author":"AB Lerner","year":"1958","unstructured":"Lerner AB, Case JD, Takahashi Y, Lee TH, Wataru M . Isolation of melatonin, the pineal gland factor that lightens melanocytes. J Am Chem Soc 1958; 80: 2587.","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR2","first-page":"391","volume":"41","author":"LC Manchester","year":"1995","unstructured":"Manchester LC, Poeggeler B, Alvares FL, Ogden GB, Reiter RJ . Melatonin immunoreactivity in the photosynthetic prokaryote Rhodospirillum rubrum: implications for an ancient antioxidant system. Cell Mol Biol Res 1995; 41: 391\u2013395.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol Res"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80350-5","volume":"19","author":"C Liu","year":"1997","unstructured":"Liu C, Weaver DR, Jin X, Shearman LP, Pieschl RL, Gribkoff VK et al. Molecular dissection of two distinct actions of melatonin on the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Neuron 1997; 19: 91\u2013102.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1993.tb00903.x","volume":"15","author":"TJ Bartness","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bartness TJ, Powers JB, Hastings MH, Bittman EL, Goldman BD . The timed infusion paradigm for melatonin delivery: what has it taught us about the melatonin signal, its reception, and the photoperiodic control of seasonal responses? J Pineal Res 1993; 15: 161\u2013190.","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/20.2.124","volume":"20","author":"RJ Hughes","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hughes RJ, Badia P . Sleep-promoting and hypothermic effects of daytime melatonin administration in humans. Sleep 1997; 20: 124\u2013131.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6828862","volume":"219","author":"JC Besharse","year":"1983","unstructured":"Besharse JC, Dunis DA . Methoxyindoles and photoreceptor metabolism: activation of rod shedding. Science 1983; 219: 1341\u20131343.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR7","first-page":"627","volume":"35","author":"A Hattori","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hattori A, Migitaka H, Iigo M, Itoh M, Yamamoto K, Ohtani-Kaneko R et al. Identification of melatonin in plants and its effects on plasma melatonin levels and binding to melatonin receptors in vertebrates. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1995; 35: 627\u2013634.","journal-title":"Biochem Mol Biol Int"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0910477","volume":"91","author":"HS Yu","year":"1981","unstructured":"Yu HS, Pang SF, Tang PL . Increase in the level of retinal melatonin and persistence of its diurnal rhythm in rats after pinealectomy. J Endocrinol 1981; 91: 477\u2013481.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2003.02111.x","volume":"34","author":"DX Tan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tan DX, Manchester LC, Hardeland R, Lopez-Burillo S, Mayo JC, Sainz RM et al. Melatonin: a hormone, a tissue factor, an autocoid, a paracoid, and an antioxidant vitamin. J Pineal Res 2003; 34: 75\u201378.","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.1985.1.235","volume":"1","author":"BH Rohde","year":"1985","unstructured":"Rohde BH, McLaughlin MA, Chiou LY . Existence and role of endogenous ocular melatonin. J Ocul Pharmacol 1985; 1: 235\u2013243.","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(88)81353-6","volume":"153","author":"MC Mhatre","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mhatre MC, van Jaarsveld AS, Reiter RJ . Melatonin in the lacrimal gland: first demonstration and experimental manipulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 153: 1186\u20131192.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0952fje","volume":"16","author":"A Slominski","year":"2002","unstructured":"Slominski A, Pisarchik A, Semak I, Sweatman T, Wortsman J, Szczesniewski A et al. Serotoninergic and melatoninergic systems are fully expressed in human skin. FASEB J 2002; 16: 896\u2013898.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1159\/000046903","volume":"10","author":"GA Bubenik","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bubenik GA . Localization, physiological significance and possible clinical implication of gastrointestinal melatonin. Biol Signals Recept 2001; 10: 350\u2013366.","journal-title":"Biol Signals Recept"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1999.tb00644.x","volume":"41","author":"JE Jan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jan JE, Freeman RD, Fast DK . Melatonin treatment of sleep\u2013wake cycle disorders in children and adolescents. Dev Med Child Neurol 1999; 41: 491\u2013500.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR15","first-page":"66","volume":"59","author":"J Ardura","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ardura J, Gutierrez R, Andres J, Agapito T . Emergence and evolution of the circadian rhythm of melatonin in children. Horm Res 2003; 59: 66\u201372.","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01923949","volume":"49","author":"F Waldhauser","year":"1993","unstructured":"Waldhauser F, Ehrhart B, Forster E . Clinical aspects of the melatonin action: impact of development, aging, and puberty, involvement of melatonin in psychiatric disease and importance of neuroimmunoendocrine interactions. Experientia 1993; 49: 671\u2013681.","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2003.02931.x","volume":"34","author":"B Griefahn","year":"2003","unstructured":"Griefahn B, Brode P, Blaszkewicz M, Remer T . Melatonin production during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal study on the excretion of urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate. J Pineal Res 2003; 34: 26\u201331.","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-55-1-27","volume":"55","author":"H Iguichi","year":"1982","unstructured":"Iguichi H, Kato KI, Ibayashi H . Age-dependent reduction in serum melatonin concentrations in healthy human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982; 55: 27\u201329.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199501053320102","volume":"332","author":"CA Czeisler","year":"1995","unstructured":"Czeisler CA, Shanahan TL, Klerman EB, Martens H, Brotman DJ, Emens JS et al. Suppression of melatonin secretion in some blind patients by exposure to bright light. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 6\u201311.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5413.505","volume":"284","author":"RJ Lucas","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lucas RJ, Freedman MS, Munoz M, Garcia-Fernandez JM, Foster RG . Regulation of the mammalian pineal by non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors. Science 1999; 284: 505\u2013507.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6405","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06405.2001","volume":"21","author":"GC Brainard","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brainard GC, Hanifin JP, Greeson JM, Byrne B, Glickman G, Gerner E et al. Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 6405\u20136412.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069609","volume":"295","author":"S Hattar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hattar S, Liao HW, Takao M, Berson DM, Yau KW . Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity. Science 2002; 295: 1065\u20131070.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03387","volume":"433","author":"DM Dacey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dacey DM, Liao HW, Peterson BB, Robinson FR, Smith VC, Pokorny J et al. Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in primate retina signal colour and irradiance and project to the LGN. Nature 2005; 433: 749\u2013754.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067262","volume":"295","author":"DM Berson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Berson DM, Dunn FA, Takao M . Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science 2002; 295: 1070\u20131073.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1177\/074873099129000498","volume":"14","author":"EK Visser","year":"1999","unstructured":"Visser EK, Beersma DG, Daan S . Melatonin suppression by light in humans is maximal when the nasal part of the retina is illuminated. J Biol Rhythms 1999; 14: 116\u2013121.","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.05.053","volume":"15","author":"S Sekaran","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sekaran S, Lupi D, Jones SL, Sheely CJ, Hattar S, Yau KW et al. Melanopsin-dependent photoreception provides earliest light detection in the mammalian retina. Curr Biol 2005; 15: 1099\u20131107.","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbrainres.2003.12.006","volume":"122","author":"CL Thompson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thompson CL, Selby CP, Partch CL, Plante DT, Thresher RJ, Araujo F et al. Further evidence for the role of cryptochromes in retinohypothalamic photoreception\/phototransduction. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2004; 122: 158\u2013166.","journal-title":"Brain Res Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3795","DOI":"10.1021\/bi047545g","volume":"44","author":"CL Partch","year":"2005","unstructured":"Partch CL, Clarkson MW, Ozgur S, Lee AL, Sancar A . Role of structural plasticity in signal transduction by the cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptor. Biochemistry 2005; 44: 3795\u20133805.","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.5.726","volume":"41","author":"RA Cohen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cohen RA, Albers HE . Disruption of human circadian and cognitive regulation following a discrete hypothalamic lesion: a case study. Neurology 1991; 41: 726\u2013729.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730404268786","volume":"19","author":"MH Hastings","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hastings MH, Herzog ED . Clock genes, oscillators, and cellular networks in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. J Biol Rhythms 2004; 19: 400\u2013413.","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01314","volume":"421","author":"JP Etchegaray","year":"2003","unstructured":"Etchegaray JP, Lee C, Wade PA, Reppert SM . Rhythmic histone acetylation underlies transcription in the mammalian circadian clock. Nature 2003; 421: 177\u2013182.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01245442","volume":"81","author":"B Pangerl","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pangerl B, Pangerl A, Reiter RJ . Circadian variations of adrenergic receptors in the mammalian pineal gland: a review. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 1990; 81: 17\u201329.","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Gen Sect"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"BF6702597_CR33","first-page":"311","volume":"13","author":"LW Kneisley","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kneisley LW, Moskowitz MA, Lynch HG . Cervical spinal cord lesions disrupt the rhythm in human melatonin excretion. J Neural Transm 1978; 13(Suppl): 311\u2013323.","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1986.tb01639.x","volume":"24","author":"IA O\u2019Brien","year":"1986","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien IA, Lewin IG, O\u2019Hare JP, Arendt J, Corrall RJ . Abnormal circadian rhythm of melatonin in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Clin Endocrinol 1986; 24: 359\u2013364.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1995.tb00180.x","volume":"19","author":"EJ Costa","year":"1995","unstructured":"Costa EJ, Lopes RH, Lamy-Freund MT . Permeability of pure lipid bilayers to melatonin. J Pineal Res 1995; 19: 123\u2013126.","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1994.tb00102.x","volume":"16","author":"CS Shida","year":"1994","unstructured":"Shida CS, Castrucci AM, Lamy-Freund MT . High melatonin solubility in aqueous medium. J Pineal Res 1994; 16: 198\u2013201.","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00230-6","volume":"29","author":"DC Chang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chang DC, Reppert SM . The circadian rhythms of mice and men. Neuron 2001; 29: 555\u2013558.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-56-6-1103","volume":"56","author":"AJ Lewy","year":"1983","unstructured":"Lewy AJ, Newsome DA . Different types of melatonin circadian secretory rhythms in some blind subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983; 56: 1103\u20131107.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380101600215","volume":"16","author":"JE Jan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jan JE, Tai J, Hahn G, Rothstein RR . Melatonin replacement therapy in a child with a pineal tumor. J Child Neurol 2001; 16: 139\u2013140.","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.1.261","volume":"46","author":"A Etzioni","year":"1996","unstructured":"Etzioni A, Luboshitzky R, Tiosano D, Ben-Harush M, Goldsher D, Lavie P et al. Melatonin replacement corrects sleep disturbances in a child with pineal tumor. Neurology 1996; 46: 261\u2013263.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7434030","volume":"210","author":"AJ Lewy","year":"1980","unstructured":"Lewy AJ, Wehr TA, Goodwin FK, Newsome DA, Markey SP . Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans. Science 1980; 210: 1267\u20131269.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2845576","volume":"242","author":"SM Reppert","year":"1988","unstructured":"Reppert SM, Weaver DR, Rivkees SA, Stopa EG . Putative melatonin receptors in a human biological clock. Science 1988; 242: 78\u201381.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(01)00282-X","volume":"47","author":"V Lubkin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lubkin V, Beizai P, Sadun AA . The eye as metronome of the body. Surv Ophthalmol 2002; 47: 17\u201326.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/074873048800300402","volume":"3","author":"H Underwood","year":"1988","unstructured":"Underwood H, Siopes T, Barrett RK . Does a biological clock reside in the eye of quail? J Biol Rhythms 1988; 3: 323\u2013331.","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1050263","volume":"105","author":"O Vakkuri","year":"1985","unstructured":"Vakkuri O, Rintamaki H, Leppaluoto J . Plasma and tissue concentrations of melatonin after midnight light exposure and pinealectomy in the pigeon. J Endocrinol 1985; 105: 263\u2013268.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.240530415","volume":"53","author":"A Menendez-Pelaez","year":"1993","unstructured":"Menendez-Pelaez A, Poeggeler B, Reiter RJ, Barlow-Walden L, Pablos MI, Tan DX et al. Nuclear localization of melatonin in different mammalian tissues: immunocytochemical and radioimmunoassay evidence. J Cell Biochem 1993; 53: 373\u2013382.","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00999.x","volume":"46","author":"JE Jan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jan JE, Freeman RD . Melatonin therapy for circadian rhythm sleep disorders in children with multiple disabilities: what have we learned in the last decade? Dev Med Child Neurol 2004; 46: 776\u2013782.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(02)00506-2","volume":"31","author":"RE Dahl","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dahl RE, Lewin DS . Pathways to adolescent health sleep regulation and behavior. J Adolesc Health 2002; 31: 175\u2013184.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.10095","volume":"53","author":"EM Goergen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Goergen EM, Bagay LA, Rehm K, Benton JL, Beltz BS . Circadian control of neurogenesis. J Neurobiol 2002; 53: 90\u201395.","journal-title":"J Neurobiol"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR50","first-page":"34","volume":"90","author":"H Espezel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Espezel H, Jan JE, O\u2019Donnell ME, Milner R . The use of melatonin to treat sleep\u2013wake rhythm disorders in children who are visually impaired. J Vis Impair Blind 1996; 90: 34\u201350.","journal-title":"J Vis Impair Blind"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7384.296","volume":"326","author":"A Herxheimer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Herxheimer A, Waterhouse J . The prevention and treatment of jet lag. BMJ 2003; 326: 296\u2013297.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR52","first-page":"S236","volume":"39","author":"G Tosini","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tosini G, Doyle S, Menaker M . Melatonin synthesis in the rat retina: cellular localization and circadian regulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39: S236.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR53","first-page":"95","volume":"36","author":"MS Nash","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nash MS, Osborne NN . Pertussis toxin-sensitive melatonin receptors negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase associated with cultured human and rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995; 36: 95\u2013102.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2001.1073","volume":"73","author":"AF Wiechmann","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wiechmann AF, Wirsig-Wiechmann CR . Melatonin receptor mRNA and protein expression in Xenopus laevis nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2001; 73: 617\u2013623.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01920634","volume":"35","author":"SF Pang","year":"1979","unstructured":"Pang SF, Yew DT . Pigment aggregation by melatonin in the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid of guinea-pigs, Cavia porcellus. Experientia 1979; 35: 231\u2013233.","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(87)90314-3","volume":"405","author":"ME Pierce","year":"1987","unstructured":"Pierce ME, Besharse JC . Melatonin and rhythmic photoreceptor metabolism: melatonin-induced cone elongation is blocked at high light intensity. Brain Res 1987; 405: 400\u2013404.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR57","first-page":"2374","volume":"39","author":"NN Osborne","year":"1998","unstructured":"Osborne NN, Nash MS, Wood JP . Melatonin counteracts ischemia-induced apoptosis in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39: 2374\u20132383.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01923951","volume":"49","author":"W Emser","year":"1993","unstructured":"Emser W, Dechoux R, Weiland M, Wirz-Justice A . Melatonin decreases the amplitude of the b-wave of the human electroretinogram. Experientia 1993; 49: 686\u2013687.","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00734814","volume":"11","author":"GM Cahill","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cahill GM, Grace MS, Besharse JC . Rhythmic regulation of retinal melatonin: metabolic pathways, neurochemical mechanisms, and the ocular circadian clock. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1991; 11: 529\u2013560.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2.12.2842214","volume":"2","author":"ML Dubocovich","year":"1988","unstructured":"Dubocovich ML . Pharmacology and function of melatonin receptors. FASEB J 1988; 2: 2765\u20132773.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR61","first-page":"86","volume":"250","author":"J Zawilska","year":"1989","unstructured":"Zawilska J, Iuvone PM . Catecholamine receptors regulating serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content of chicken retina and pineal gland: D2-dopamine receptors in retina and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in pineal gland. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989; 250: 86\u201392.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"BF6702597_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-1994-1053","volume":"54","author":"NN Osborne","year":"1994","unstructured":"Osborne NN . Serotonin and melatonin in the iris\/ciliary processes and their involvement in intraocular pressure. Acta Neurobiol Exp 1994; 54(Suppl): 57\u201364.","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol Exp"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1159\/000265403","volume":"17","author":"GC Chiou","year":"1985","unstructured":"Chiou GC, Aimoto T, Chiou LY . Melatonergic involvement in diurnal changes of intraocular pressure in rabbit eyes. Ophthalmic Res 1985; 17: 373\u2013378.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(01)00864-0","volume":"416","author":"J Pintor","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pintor J, Martin L, Pelaez T, Hoyle CH, Peral A . Involvement of melatonin MT(3) receptors in the regulation of intraocular pressure in rabbits. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 416: 251\u2013254.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1159\/000267215","volume":"25","author":"BH Rohde","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rohde BH, Li BH, Chiou GC . Effects of melatonin and haloperidol given via vortex vein on the intraocular pressure. Ophthalmic Res 1993; 25: 10\u201315.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ijg.0000133150.44686.0b","volume":"13","author":"JB Serle","year":"2004","unstructured":"Serle JB, Wang RF, Peterson WM, Plourde R, Yerxa BR . Effect of 5-MCA-NAT, a putative melatonin MT3 receptor agonist, on intraocular pressure in glaucomatous monkey eyes. J Glaucoma 2004; 13: 385\u2013388.","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3109\/02713688809033192","volume":"7","author":"JR Samples","year":"1988","unstructured":"Samples JR, Krause G, Lewy AJ . Effect of melatonin on intraocular pressure. Curr Eye Res 1988; 7: 649\u2013653.","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1076\/0271-3683(200003)2031-9FT225","volume":"20","author":"Y Bardak","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bardak Y, Ozerturk Y, Ozguner F, Durmus M, Delibas N . Effect of melatonin against oxidative stress in ultraviolet-B exposed rat lens. Curr Eye Res 2000; 20: 225\u2013230.","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1994.tb00119.x","volume":"17","author":"M Abe","year":"1994","unstructured":"Abe M, Reiter RJ, Orhii PB, Hara M, Poeggeler B . Inhibitory effect of melatonin on cataract formation in newborn rats: evidence for an antioxidative role for melatonin. J Pineal Res 1994; 17: 94\u2013100.","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/15.2.215","volume":"15","author":"D Tan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tan D, Reiter RJ, Chen LD, Poeggeler B, Manchester LC, Barlow-Walden LR et al. Both physiological and pharmacological levels of melatonin reduce DNA adduct formation induced by the carcinogen safrole. Carcinogenesis 1994; 15: 215\u2013218.","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-0186(95)80002-3","volume":"27","author":"RJ Reiter","year":"1995","unstructured":"Reiter RJ . The role of the neurohormone melatonin as a buffer against macromolecular oxidative damage. Neurochem Int 1995; 27: 453\u2013460.","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR72","first-page":"57","volume":"1","author":"DX Tan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tan DX, Chen LD, Poeggeler B, Manchester LC, Reiter RJ . Melatonin: a potent, endogenous hydroxyl radical scavenger. Endocr J 1993; 1: 57\u201360.","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1997.8151","volume":"144","author":"N Susa","year":"1997","unstructured":"Susa N, Ueno S, Furukawa Y, Ueda J, Sugiyama M . Potent protective effect of melatonin on chromium(VI)-induced DNA single-strand breaks, cytotoxicity, and lipid peroxidation in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 144: 377\u2013384.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1999.tb00611.x","volume":"27","author":"Y Noda","year":"1999","unstructured":"Noda Y, Mori A, Liburdy R, Packer L . Melatonin and its precursors scavenge nitric oxide. J Pineal Res 1999; 27: 159\u2013163.","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(03)00126-X","volume":"77","author":"AF Wiechmann","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wiechmann AF, Rada JA . Melatonin receptor expression in the cornea and sclera. Exp Eye Res 2003; 77: 219\u2013225.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00231-A","volume":"35","author":"T Li","year":"1995","unstructured":"Li T, Troilo D, Glasser A, Howland HC . Constant light produces severe corneal flattening and hyperopia in chickens. Vision Res 1995; 35: 1203\u20131209.","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1997.0421","volume":"66","author":"GI Papastergiou","year":"1998","unstructured":"Papastergiou GI, Schmid GF, Riva CE, Mendel MJ, Stone RA, Laties AM et al. Ocular axial length and choroidal thickness in newly hatched chicks and one-year-old chickens fluctuate in a diurnal pattern that is influenced by visual experience and intraocular pressure changes. Exp Eye Res 1998; 66: 195\u2013205.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00196412","volume":"176","author":"M Sasaki","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sasaki M, Masuda A, Oishi T . Circadian rhythms of corneal mitotic rate, retinal melatonin and immunoreactive visual pigments, and the effects of melatonin on the rhythms in the Japanese quail. J Comp Physiol A 1995; 176: 465\u2013471.","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol A"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"BF6702597_CR79","first-page":"17","volume":"23","author":"G Glickman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Glickman G, Levin R, Brainard GC . Ocular input for human melatonin regulation: relevance to breast cancer. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2002; 23(Suppl 2): 17\u201322.","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19860215)57:4<837::AID-CNCR2820570425>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"57","author":"P Lissoni","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lissoni P, Viviani S, Bajetta E, Buzzoni R, Barreca A, Mauri R et al. A clinical study of the pineal gland activity in oncologic patients. Cancer 1986; 57: 837\u2013842.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026023394407","volume":"2","author":"DE Blask","year":"2002","unstructured":"Blask DE, Sauer LA, Dauchy RT . Melatonin as a chronobiotic\/anticancer agent: cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of action and their implications for circadian-based cancer therapy. Curr Top Med Chem 2002; 2: 113\u2013132.","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Chem"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1159\/000123997","volume":"39","author":"F Waldhauser","year":"1984","unstructured":"Waldhauser F, Waldhauser M, Lieberman HR, Deng MH, Lynch HJ, Wurtman RJ et al. Bioavailability of oral melatonin in humans. Neuroendocrinology 1984; 39: 307\u2013313.","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-61-6-1214","volume":"61","author":"EA Lane","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lane EA, Moss HB . Pharmacokinetics of melatonin in man: first pass hepatic metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985; 61: 1214\u20131216.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-5379(89)90122-3","volume":"25","author":"P Lissoni","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lissoni P, Barni S, Crispino S, Tancini G, Fraschini F . Endocrine and immune effects of melatonin therapy in metastatic cancer patients. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1989; 25: 789\u2013795.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380101600204","volume":"16","author":"MG Smits","year":"2001","unstructured":"Smits MG, Nagtegaal EE, van der HeJ, Coenen AM, Kerkhof GA . Melatonin for chronic sleep onset insomnia in children: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Child Neurol 2001; 16: 86\u201392.","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR86","first-page":"44","volume":"5","author":"L Kayumov","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kayumov L, Zhdanova IV, Shapiro CM . Melatonin, sleep, and circadian rhythm disorders. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 2000; 5: 44\u201355.","journal-title":"Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)79321-1","volume":"351","author":"SH Sheldon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sheldon SH . Pro-convulsant effects of oral melatonin in neurologically disabled children. Lancet 1998; 351: 1254.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1159\/000014577","volume":"8","author":"J Fauteck","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fauteck J, Schmidt H, Lerchl A, Kurlemann G, Wittkowski W . Melatonin in epilepsy: first results of replacement therapy and first clinical results. Biol Signals Recept 1999; 8: 105\u2013110.","journal-title":"Biol Signals Recept"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2001.28100.x","volume":"42","author":"N Peled","year":"2001","unstructured":"Peled N, Shorer Z, Peled E, Pillar G . Melatonin effect on seizures in children with severe neurologic deficit disorders. Epilepsia 2001; 42: 1208\u20131210.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200204-356OC","volume":"166","author":"ER Sutherland","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sutherland ER, Martin RJ, Ellison MC, Kraft M . Immunomodulatory effects of melatonin in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 1055\u20131061.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200404-488OC","volume":"170","author":"FL Campos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Campos FL, da Silva-Junior FP, de Bruin VM, de Bruin PF . Melatonin improves sleep in asthma: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170: 947\u2013951.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.1999.12.3.355","volume":"12","author":"R Luboshitzky","year":"1999","unstructured":"Luboshitzky R, Lavie P . Melatonin and sex hormone interrelationships\u2014a review. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1999; 12: 355\u2013362.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199211053271905","volume":"327","author":"M Puig-Domingo","year":"1992","unstructured":"Puig-Domingo M, Webb SM, Serrano J, Peinado MA, Corcoy R, Ruscalleda J et al. Brief report: melatonin-related hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1356\u20131359.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1986.tb01641.x","volume":"24","author":"J Wright","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wright J, Aldhous M, Franey C, English J, Arendt J . The effects of exogenous melatonin on endocrine function in man. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford) 1986; 24: 375\u2013382.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxford)"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-45-4-768","volume":"45","author":"JJ Nordlund","year":"1977","unstructured":"Nordlund JJ, Lerner AB . The effects of oral melatonin on skin color and on the release of pituitary hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1977; 45: 768\u2013774.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1038\/214919a0","volume":"214","author":"J Barchas","year":"1967","unstructured":"Barchas J, DaCosta F, Spector S . Acute pharmacology of melatonin. Nature 1967; 214: 919\u2013920.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF6702597_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1972.03200140072031","volume":"221","author":"PS Papavasiliou","year":"1972","unstructured":"Papavasiliou PS, Cotzias GC, Duby SE, Steck AJ, Bell M, Lawrence WH et al. Melatonin and parkinsonism. JAMA 1972; 221: 88\u201389.","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/6702597.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/6702597","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/6702597.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]],"date-time":"2025-01-11T00:12:01Z","timestamp":1736554321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/6702597"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,22]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]}},"alternative-id":["BF6702597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.eye.6702597","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-222X","1476-5454"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-222X","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5454","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,22]]}}}