{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:47:11Z","timestamp":1790754431977,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,19]],"date-time":"2007-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1169164800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,19]],"date-time":"2007-01-19T13:31:21Z","timestamp":1169213481000},"page":"534-541","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":203,"title":["The Dundee University Scottish Keratoconus study: demographics, corneal signs, associated diseases, and eye rubbing"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"K H","family":"Weed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C J","family":"MacEwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Giles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C N J","family":"McGhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"BF6702692_CR1","first-page":"2537","volume":"39","author":"K Zadnik","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zadnik K, Barr JT, Edrington TB, Everett DF, Jameson M, McMahon TT et al. Baseline findings in the collaborative longitudinal evaluation of keratoconus (CLEK) Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39: 2537\u20132546.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"BF6702692_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199603000-00006","volume":"15","author":"K Zadnik","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zadnik K, Barr JT, Gordon MO, Edrington TB . Biomicroscopic signs and disease severity in keratoconus. Cornea 1996; 15 (2): 139\u2013146.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"9","key":"BF6702692_CR3","first-page":"574","volume":"72","author":"LB Szczotka","year":"2001","unstructured":"Szczotka LB, Barr JT, Zadnik K . A summary of the findings from the collaborative longitudinal evaluation of keratoconus (CLEK) study. Optometry 2001; 72 (9): 574\u2013584.","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"issue":"4","key":"BF6702692_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200007000-00020","volume":"19","author":"JT Barr","year":"2000","unstructured":"Barr JT, Zadnik K, Wilson BS, Edrington TB, Everett DF, Fink BA et al. Factors associated with corneal scarring in the collaborative longitudinal evaluation of keratoconus (CLEK) study. Cornea 2000; 19 (4): 501\u2013507.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"6","key":"BF6702692_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200011000-00009","volume":"19","author":"K Zadnik","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zadnik K, Barr JT, Edrington TB . Corneal scarring and vision in keratoconus. A baseline report from the Collaborative longitudinal evaluationof keratoconus study (CLEK). Cornea 2000; 19 (6): 804\u2013812.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"BF6702692_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700652","volume":"18","author":"T Georgiou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Georgiou T, Funnell CL, Cassels-Brown A, O'Conor R . Influence of ethnic origin on the incidence of keratoconus and associated atopic disease in Asians and white patients. Eye 2004; 18: 379\u2013383.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"BF6702692_CR7","first-page":"1","volume":"178","author":"A Ihalainen","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ihalainen A . Clinical and epidemiological features of keratoconus: genetic and external factors in the pathogenesis of the disease. Acta Ophthalmol 1986; 178: 1\u201364.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"BF6702692_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200303000-00008","volume":"22","author":"H Owens","year":"2003","unstructured":"Owens H, Gamble G . A profile of keratoconus in New Zealand. Cornea 2003; 22 (2): 122\u2013125.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"BF6702692_CR9","first-page":"194","volume":"20","author":"MJ Crews","year":"1994","unstructured":"Crews MJ, Driebe WT, Stern GA . The clinical management of keratoconus: a 6 year retrospective study. CLAO 1994; 20: 194\u2013197.","journal-title":"CLAO"},{"key":"BF6702692_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(94)31313-3","volume":"101","author":"SJ Tuft","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tuft SJ, Moodaley LC, Gregory WM, Davison CR, Buckley RJ . Prognostic factors for the progression of keratoconus. Ophthalmology 1994; 101: 439\u2013447.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BF6702692_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(90)32569-1","volume":"97","author":"JH Lass","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lass JH, Lembach RG, Park SB, Hom DL, Fritz ME, Svilar GM et al. Clinical management of keratoconus. A multicentre analysis. Ophthalmology 1990; 97: 433\u2013445.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"BF6702692_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(84)90094-8","volume":"28","author":"JH Krachmer","year":"1984","unstructured":"Krachmer JH, Feder RS, Belin MW . Keratoconus and related non-inflammatory corneal thinning disorders. Surv Ophthalmol 1984; 28 (4): 293\u2013322.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"BF6702692_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199703000-00025","volume":"74","author":"JLO Jimenez","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jimenez JLO, Jurado JCG, Rodriguez FJB, Laborda DS . Keratoconus: age of onset and natural history. Optom Vis Sci 1997; 74 (3): 147\u2013151.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"BF6702692_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.76.10.590","volume":"76","author":"LC Moodaley","year":"1992","unstructured":"Moodaley LC, Woodward EG, Liu CS, Buckley RJ . Life expectancy in keratoconus. Br J Ophthalmol 1992; 76 (10): 590\u2013591.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF6702692_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(88)33161-1","volume":"95","author":"WE Smiddy","year":"1988","unstructured":"Smiddy WE, Hamburg TR, Kracher GP, Stark WJ . Keratoconus: contact lens or keratoplasty? Ophthalmology 1988; 95: 487\u2013492.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"BF6702692_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(86)90817-2","volume":"101","author":"RH Kennedy","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kennedy RH, Bourne WM, Dyer JA . A 48 year clinical and epidemiological study of keratoconus. Am J Ophthalmol 1986; 101 (3): 267\u2013273.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF6702692_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1998.165","volume":"12","author":"KH Weed","year":"1998","unstructured":"Weed KH, McGhee CNJ . Referral patterns, treatment management and visual outcome in keratoconus. Eye 1998; 12: 663\u2013668.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"BF6702692_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700061","volume":"16","author":"N Lim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lim N, Vogt U . Characteristics and functional outcomes of 130 patients with keratoconus attending a specialist contact lens clinic. Eye 2002; 16: 54\u201359.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"7","key":"BF6702692_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.7.793","volume":"82","author":"SJ Doyle","year":"1998","unstructured":"Doyle SJ, Bullock J, Gray C, Spencer A, Cunningham C . Emmetropisation, axial length and corneal topography in teenagers with Down's syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 82 (7): 793\u2013796.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"BF6702692_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199709000-00007","volume":"16","author":"M Macsai","year":"1997","unstructured":"Macsai M, Maguen E, Nucci P . Keratoconus and Turner's syndrome. Cornea 1997; 16 (5): 534\u2013536.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"4","key":"BF6702692_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2000.154","volume":"14","author":"AR Pearson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pearson AR, Soneji B, Sarvananthan N, Sandford-Smith JH . Does ethnic influence the incidence or severity of keratoconus? Eye 2000; 14 (4): 625\u2013628.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"3","key":"BF6702692_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3109\/09286589609080117","volume":"3","author":"LR Lee","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lee LR, Readshaw G, Hirst LW . Keratoconus: the clinical experience of a Brisbane Ophthalmologist. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 1996; 3 (3): 119\u2013125.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"BF6702692_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(97)00119-7","volume":"42","author":"YS Rabinowitz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rabinowitz YS . Keratoconus. Surv Ophthalmology 1998; 42 (4): 297\u2013319.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"BF6702692_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200210000-00008","volume":"21","author":"K Zadnik","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zadnik K, Steger-May K, Fink BA, Joslin CE, Nichols JJ, Rosenshel CE et al. Between eye asymmetry in keratoconus. Cornea 2002; 21 (7): 671\u2013679.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"4","key":"BF6702692_CR25","first-page":"121","volume":"2","author":"DS Burger","year":"1991","unstructured":"Burger DS . Keratoconus: etiology, diagnosis and management. Practical Optometry 1991; 2 (4): 121\u2013129.","journal-title":"Practical Optometry"},{"issue":"10","key":"BF6702692_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2003.033670","volume":"88","author":"DM Burns","year":"2004","unstructured":"Burns DM, Johnston FM, Frazer DG, Patterson C, Jackson AJ . Keratoconus: an analysis of corneal asymmetry. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88 (10): 1252\u20131255.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"BF6702692_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0275-5408(95)00017-8","volume":"16","author":"H Owens","year":"1996","unstructured":"Owens H, Walters GA . An evaluation of the keratoconic cornea using computerised corneal mapping and ultrasonic measurements of corneal thickness. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1996; 16 (2): 115\u2013123.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"1","key":"BF6702692_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199901000-00007","volume":"18","author":"JT Barr","year":"1999","unstructured":"Barr JT, Schectman KB, Fink BA, Pierce GE, Pensyl CD, Zadnik K et al. Corneal scarring in the Collaborative longitudinal evaluation of keratoconus (CLEK) study: baseline prevalence and repeatability of detection. Cornea 1999; 18 (1): 34\u201346.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"4","key":"BF6702692_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200304000-00005","volume":"80","author":"E Van der Worp","year":"2003","unstructured":"Van der Worp E, De Brabander J, Swarbrick H, Nuijts R, Hendrikse F . Corneal dessication in rigid contact lens wear: 3 and 9 o'clock staining. Optom Vis Sci 2003; 80 (4): 280\u2013290.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"BF6702692_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199702000-00020","volume":"74","author":"JD Schwallie","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schwallie JD, McKenney CD, Long WD, McNeil A . Corneal staining in normal contact lens wearers. Optom Vis Sci 1997; 74 (2): 92\u201398.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"BF6702692_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200201000-00009","volume":"79","author":"KK Nichols","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nichols KK, Mitchell GL, Simon KM, Chivers DA, Edrington TB . Corneal staining in hydrogel lens wearers. Optom Vis Sci 2002; 79 (1): 20\u201330.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"BF6702692_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(97)80113-7","volume":"23","author":"V Yaylali","year":"1997","unstructured":"Yaylali V, Kaufman SC, Thompson HW . Corneal thickness measurements with the Orbscan topography system and ultrasonic pachymetry. J Cataract Refract Surg 1997; 23: 1345\u20131350.","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"BF6702692_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(01)01089-6","volume":"27","author":"HS Chakrabarti","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chakrabarti HS, Craig JP, Brahma A, Malik TY, McGhee CNJ . Comparison of corneal thickness measurements using ultrasound and Orbscan slit-scanning topography in normal and post-LASIK eyes. J Cataract Refract Surg 2001; 27 (11): 1823\u20131828.","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"BF6702692_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)00519-9","volume":"106","author":"MR Lattimore","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lattimore MR, Kaupp S, Schallhorn S, Lewis R . Orbscan pachymetry. Implications of a repeated measures and diurnal variation analysis. Ophthalmology 1999; 106: 977\u2013981.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"BF6702692_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200011000-00007","volume":"19","author":"MM Marsich","year":"2000","unstructured":"Marsich MM, Bullimore MA . The repeatability of corneal thickness measures. Cornea 2000; 19 (6): 792\u2013795.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"5","key":"BF6702692_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(00)00110-7","volume":"44","author":"MJ Doughty","year":"2000","unstructured":"Doughty MJ, Zamman ML . Human corneal thickness and its impact on inra-ocular pressure measures: a review and meta-analysis approach. Surv Ophthalmol 2000; 44 (5): 367\u2013408.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"BF6702692_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199809000-00018","volume":"75","author":"GA Watters","year":"1998","unstructured":"Watters GA, Owens H . Evaluation of mild, moderate and advanced keratoconus using ultrasound pachometry and the EyeSys Videokeratoscope. Optom Vis Sci 1998; 75 (9): 640\u2013646.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"BF6702692_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(99)00355-7","volume":"26","author":"GU Auffarth","year":"2000","unstructured":"Auffarth GU, Wang L, Volcker HE . Keratoconus evaluation using the Orbscan topography system. J Cataract Refract Surg 2000; 26: 222\u2013228.","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"BF6702692_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-19960901-11","volume":"12","author":"J Colin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Colin J, Sale Y, Malet F, Cochener B . Inferior steepening is associated with thinning of the inferotemporal cornea. J Refract Surg 1996; 12: 697\u2013699.","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"BF6702692_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1990.01070060082054","volume":"108","author":"MS Macsai","year":"1990","unstructured":"Macsai MS, Varley GA, Krachmer JH . Development of keratoconus after contact lens wear. Arch Ophthalmol 1990; 108: 534\u2013538.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"BF6702692_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2004.10.002","volume":"28","author":"TJ Bowden","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bowden TJ, Harknett A, Forrest I . Contact lens wearer profile. Contact Lens Anterior Eye 2005; 28 (1): 37\u201345.","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"4","key":"BF6702692_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200007000-00034","volume":"19","author":"RG Lindsay","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lindsay RG, Bruce AS, Gutteridge IF . Keratoconus associated with continual eye rubbing due to punctal agenesis. Cornea 2000; 19 (4): 567\u2013569.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"BF6702692_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700009934","volume":"18","author":"HM McCormack","year":"1988","unstructured":"McCormack HM, De L, Horne DJ, Sheather S . Clinical applications of visual analogue scales: a critical review. Psychol Med 1988; 18: 1007\u20131019.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"BF6702692_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03082.x","volume":"9\u201386","author":"CW McMonnies","year":"2003","unstructured":"McMonnies CW, Boneham GC . Keratoconus, itch, eye rubbing and hand dominance. Clin Exp Optomol 2003; 9\u201386 (6): 376\u2013384.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optomol"},{"key":"BF6702692_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.8.834","volume":"84","author":"AM Bawazeer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bawazeer AM, Hodge WL, Lorimer B . Atopy and keratoconus: a multivariate analysis. Br J Ophthalmol 2000; 84: 834\u2013836.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF6702692_CR46","unstructured":"Gasset AR, Hinson WA, Frias JL . Ann ophthalmol keratoconus and atopic diseases Ann Opthalmo 1978; 10 (8): 991\u2013994."},{"issue":"10","key":"BF6702692_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.73.10.816","volume":"73","author":"RJ Harrison","year":"1989","unstructured":"Harrison RJ, Klouda PT, Easty DL, Manku M, Charles J, Stewart CM . Association between keratoconus and atopy. Br J Ophthalmol 1989; 73 (10): 16\u201322.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF6702692_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.10.1203","volume":"82","author":"JI McGill","year":"1998","unstructured":"McGill JI, Holgate ST, Church MK . Allergic eye disease mechanisms. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 82: 1203\u20131214.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/6702692.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/6702692","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/6702692.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T12:28:37Z","timestamp":1684412917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/6702692"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,19]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]}},"alternative-id":["BF6702692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.eye.6702692","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-222X","1476-5454"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-222X","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5454","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,19]]}}}