{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:31:02Z","timestamp":1791415862538,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]],"date-time":"1999-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":944006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]],"date-time":"1999-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":944006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gene Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3301061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,18]],"date-time":"2002-09-18T16:50:30Z","timestamp":1032367830000},"page":"1919-1928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["Peptide nucleic acid delivery to human mitochondria"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"P F","family":"Chinnery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R W","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Diekert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Lill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D M","family":"Turnbull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R N","family":"Lightowlers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"BF3301061_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7799(97)01037-8","volume":"15","author":"DR Corey","year":"1997","unstructured":"Corey DR . Peptide nucleic acids: expanding the scope of nucleic acid recognition Trends Biotechnol 1997 15: 224\u2013229","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(97)78918-5","volume":"72","author":"VV Demidov","year":"1997","unstructured":"Demidov VV, Yavnilovich MV, Frank-Kamenetskii MD . Kinetic analysis of specificity of duplex DNA targeting by homopyrimidine peptide nucleic acids Biophysical J 1997 72: 2763\u20132769","journal-title":"Biophysical J"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(94)90171-6","volume":"48","author":"VV Demidov","year":"1994","unstructured":"Demidov VV et al. Stability of peptide nucleic acids in human serum and cellular extracts Biochem Pharmacol 1994 48: 1310\u20131313","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0596-615","volume":"14","author":"JC Norton","year":"1996","unstructured":"Norton JC et al. Inhibition of human telomerase activity by peptide nucleic acids Nature Biotechnol 1996 14: 615\u2013619","journal-title":"Nature Biotechnol"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1279811","volume":"258","author":"JC Hanvey","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hanvey JC et al. Antisense and antigene properties of peptide nucleic acids Science 1992 258: 1481\u20131485","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR6","first-page":"53","volume":"8","author":"PE Nielsen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nielsen PE, Egholm M, Berg RH, Buchardt O . Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs): potential antisense and anti-gene agents Anti-Cancer Drug Des 1993 8: 53\u201363","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Drug Des"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/23.7.1197","volume":"23","author":"MA Bonham","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bonham MA et al. An assessment of the antisense properties of RNase H-competent and steric-blocking monomers Nucleic Acids Res 1995 23: 1197\u20131203","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(95)00409-3","volume":"375","author":"P Wittung","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wittung P et al. Phospholipid membrane permeability of peptide nucleic acid (corrected and republished with original paging, article originally printed in FEBS Lett 1995; 365: 27\u201329) FEBS Lett 1995 375: 27\u201329","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR9","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Gene Therapeutics: Methods and Applications of Direct Gene Transfer","author":"ME Dowty","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dowty ME, Wolff JA . Possible mechanisms of DNA uptake into skeletal muscle. In: Wolff JA (ed) Gene Therapeutics: Methods and Applications of Direct Gene Transfer Birkhauser: Boston 1994 pp 83\u201398"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/90.11.657","volume":"90","author":"PF Chinnery","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chinnery PF, Turnbull DM . Mitochondrial medicine Q J Med 1997 90: 657\u2013666","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022646215643","volume":"29","author":"RW Taylor","year":"1997","unstructured":"Taylor RW et al. Treatment of mitochondrial disease J Bioenerg Biomemb 1997 29: 195\u2013205","journal-title":"J Bioenerg Biomemb"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.63.5.559","volume":"63","author":"PF Chinnery","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chinnery PF, Turnbull DM . The clinical features, investigation and management of patients with mitochondrial DNA defects J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1997 63: 559\u2013563","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psych"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ge.29.120195.001055","volume":"29","author":"N-G Larsson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Larsson N-G, Clayton DA . Molecular genetic aspects of human mitochondrial disorders Ann Rev Genet 1995 29: 151\u2013178","journal-title":"Ann Rev Genet"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4439(95)00034-2","volume":"1271","author":"G Attardi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Attardi G, Yoneda M, Chomyn A . Complementation and segregation behavior of disease causing mitochondrial DNA mutations in cellular model systems Biochim Biophys Acta 1995 1271: 241\u2013248","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.10.1713","volume":"120","author":"P Chinnery","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chinnery P, Howell N, Lightowlers R, Turnbull D . Molecular pathology of MELAS and MERRF: the relationship between mutation load and clinical phenotype Brain 1997 120: 1713\u20131721","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)91795-3","volume":"244","author":"NJ Gross","year":"1969","unstructured":"Gross NJ, Getz GS, Rabinowitz M . Apparent turnover of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid and mitochondrial phospholipids in the tissues of the rat J Biol Chem 1969 244: 1552\u20131562","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR17","first-page":"311","volume":"2","author":"ZM Chrzanowska-Lightowlers","year":"1995","unstructured":"Chrzanowska-Lightowlers ZM, Lightowlers RN, Turnbull DM . Gene therapy for mitochondrial DNA defects: is it possible? Gene Therapy 1995 2: 311\u2013316","journal-title":"Gene Therapy"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0297-212","volume":"15","author":"RW Taylor","year":"1997","unstructured":"Taylor RW, Chinnery PF, Turnbull DM, Lightowlers RN . Selective inhibition of mutant human mitochondrial DNA replication in vitro by peptide nucleic acids Nat Genet 1997 15: 212\u2013215","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)81662-3","volume":"264","author":"R Rizzuto","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rizzuto R et al. A gene specifying subunit VIII of human cytochrome c oxidase is localised to chromosome 11 and is expressed in both muscle and non-muscle tissues J Biol Chem 1989 264: 10595\u201310600","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18725","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.30.18725","volume":"272","author":"D Rapaport","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rapaport D, Neupert W, Lill R . Mitochondrial protein import: Tom40 plays an important role in targetting and translocation of preproteins by forming a specific binding site for the presequence J Biol Chem 1997 272: 18725\u201318731","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(91)91576-X","volume":"751","author":"JE Whittaker","year":"1991","unstructured":"Whittaker JE, Moore PL, Haugland RP . Dihydrotetramethylrosamine: a long wavelength, fluorogenic peroxidase substrate evaluated in vitro and in a model phagocyte Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991 751: 387\u2013393","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.8.3161","volume":"93","author":"AM Gewirtz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gewirtz AM, Stein CA, Glazer PM . Facilitating oligonucleotide delivery: helping antisense deliver on its promise Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996 93: 3161\u20133163","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0498-355","volume":"16","author":"L Good","year":"1998","unstructured":"Good L, Nielsen PE . Antisense inhibition of gene expression in bacteria by PNA targeted to mRNA Nat Biotechnol 1998 16: 355\u2013358","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(97)82440-9","volume":"53","author":"GD Gray","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gray GD, Basu S, Wickstrom E . Transformed and immortalized cellular uptake of oligodeoxynucleoside phosphorothioates, 3\u2032-alkylamino oligodeoxynucleosides, 2-O-methyl oligoribonucleotides, oligodeoxynucleoside methylphosponates, and peptide nucleic acids Biochem Pharmacol 1997 53: 1465\u20131476","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90528-K","volume":"70","author":"T Kiss","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kiss T, Filipowicz W . Evidence against a mitochondrial location of the 7-2\/MRP RNA in mammalian cells Cell 1992 70: 11\u201316","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.124.6.871","volume":"124","author":"K Li","year":"1994","unstructured":"Li K et al. Subcellular partitioning of MRP RNA assessed by ultrastructural and biochemical analysis J Cell Biol 1994 124: 871\u2013882","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.9.9.2375","volume":"9","author":"PJ Magalhaes","year":"1998","unstructured":"Magalhaes PJ, Andreu AL, Schon EA . Evidence for the presence of 5S rRNA in mammalian mitochondria Mol Biol Cell 1998 9: 2375\u20132382","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/338170a0","volume":"338","author":"D Vestweber","year":"1989","unstructured":"Vestweber D, Schatz G . DNA\u2013protein conjugates can enter mitochondria via the protein import pathway Nature 1989 338: 170\u2013172","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/23.1.10","volume":"23","author":"P Seibel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Seibel P et al. Transfection of mitochondria: strategy towards a gene therapy of mitochondrial DNA diseases Nucleic Acids Res 1995 23: 10\u201317","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)41894-1","volume":"269","author":"RW Taylor","year":"1994","unstructured":"Taylor RW et al. The control of mitochondrial oxidations by complex III in rat muscle and liver mitochondria. Implications for our understanding of mitochondrial cytopathies in man J Biol Chem 1994 269: 3523\u20133528","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(77)90043-4","volume":"83","author":"GL Peterson","year":"1977","unstructured":"Peterson GL . A simplification of the protein assay of Lowry et al which is more generally applicable Ann Biochem 1977 83: 346\u2013356","journal-title":"Ann Biochem"},{"key":"BF3301061_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(69)13006-2","volume":"13","author":"D Shepherd","year":"1969","unstructured":"Shepherd D, Garland PB . Citrate synthase from rat liver Meth Enzymol 1969 13: 11\u201316","journal-title":"Meth Enzymol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3301200","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2000,5,15]],"date-time":"2000-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":958348800000}}],"container-title":["Gene Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/3301061.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/3301061","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/3301061.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T18:12:52Z","timestamp":1648577572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/3301061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["BF3301061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.gt.3301061","relation":{"erratum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3301200","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0969-7128","1476-5462"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0969-7128","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5462","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 March 1999","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 September 1999","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 January 2000","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}