{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T03:33:59Z","timestamp":1791689639866,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,28]],"date-time":"2006-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1164672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Immunol Cell Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The past four decades has witnessed a consolidation of the original observations made in the 1970s that dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) have an immunological basis. Following reinfection with a dengue virus of different serotype, severe disease is linked to high levels of antibody\u2010enhanced viral replication early in illness which is followed by a cascade of memory T\u2010cell activation and a \u2018storm\u2019 of inflammatory cytokines and other chemical mediators. These compounds are released mainly from T cells, monocytes\/macrophages and endothelial cells, and ultimately cause an increase in vascular permeability. The consolidation of the evidence has been largely due to several important prospective sero\u2010epidemiological studies in areas endemic for DHF\/DSS, which have shown that risk of severe disease is significantly higher in secondary dengue infections. These advances have underscored the fact that DHF\/DSS pathogenesis is a complex, multifactorial process involving cocirculation of various dengue virus serotypes and the interplay of host and viral factors that influence disease severity. The continued search to define risk factors in susceptible populations must be combined with the new techniques of molecular virology and innovative approaches in vaccine design to achieve the ultimate objective of developing a safe and effective vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,28]],"date-time":"2006-11-28T15:13:45Z","timestamp":1164726825000},"page":"43-45","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":232,"title":["Of cascades and perfect storms: the immunopathogenesis of dengue haemorrhagic fever\u2010dengue shock syndrome (DHF\/DSS)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Tikki","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Policy and Cooperation, World Health Organization  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Jane","family":"Cardosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak  Kuching Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria G","family":"Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, PAHO\/WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Dengue and its Vectors, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kouri  Havana Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7546.870-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","article-title":"Ill\u2010fated UK drug trial bares testing loopholes","author":"Rosenthal E","journal-title":"Int Herald Tribune"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever","author":"Gubler DJ","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1105.050195"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.786"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/5.2.346"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"350","article-title":"Observations related to pathogenesis of dengue haemorrhagic fever. VI. Hypothesis and discussion","volume":"42","author":"Halstead SB","year":"1970","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"273","volume-title":"Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever","author":"Kurane I","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.9656"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)60010-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1115177"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.03.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.3.5.689"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)60011-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/321244a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.158.1.258"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315215"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/382280"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)60011-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","article-title":"Dengue hemorrhagic fever caused by sequential dengue 1\u20133 infections at a long interval: Havana epidemic, 2001\u20132002","author":"Alvarez M","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10261"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.1.395"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2006.19.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.5.1304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2006.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/340822"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm887"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.6.3821"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.370"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha and interferon\u2010gamma in patients with dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever during an outbreak","volume":"123","author":"Chakravarti A","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20080"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-3109(93)90025-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/383043"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/500949"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10438"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.142"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.21.13797-13799.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11276-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-1669(03)00061-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","first-page":"308","article-title":"Understanding dengue pathogenesis: implications for vaccine design","volume":"83","author":"Stephenson J","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","first-page":"639","article-title":"Dengue vaccines: problems and prospects","volume":"121","author":"Chaturvedi UC","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","unstructured":"Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases(http:\/\/www.nitd.novartis.com\/accessed 19 September 2006)."}],"container-title":["Immunology &amp; Cell Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1038%2Fsj.icb.7100008","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/7100008","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1038\/sj.icb.7100008","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1038\/sj.icb.7100008","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1038\/sj.icb.7100008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/7100008.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T20:40:58Z","timestamp":1694032858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1038\/sj.icb.7100008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,28]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1038\/sj.icb.7100008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.icb.7100008","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0818-9641","1440-1711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0818-9641","type":"print"},{"value":"1440-1711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,28]]}}}