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In peripheral tissues, \u2018immature\u2019 DCs are dedicated to capturing antigens. Detection of pathogens through Toll\u2010like receptors (TLRs) triggers DC migration to the lymph nodes (LNs), where they acquire a \u2018mature\u2019 phenotype specialized at presenting antigens. However, DCs migrate from tissues and mature even in the absence of overt infections. This has been attributed to detection of commensal flora in the skin, the gut or other peripheral tissues in the steady state. To test this assumption, we have analyzed the DCs contained in the lymphoid organs of germ\u2010free mice and of mice lacking the TLR adapter molecules, MyD88 and TRIF. We show that the proportion and expression of maturation markers in DC immigrants in the LNs of these mice are similar to those in normal mice. These results suggest that DC migration from tissues, followed by their phenotypic maturation, is regulated in the steady state by an inherent program of DC differentiation or by the release of low levels of inflammatory signals from normal tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,20]],"date-time":"2007-11-20T11:02:31Z","timestamp":1195556551000},"page":"200-205","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Normal proportion and expression of maturation markers in migratory dendritic cells in the absence of germs or Toll\u2010like receptor signaling"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Nicholas S","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology Parkville Victoria Australia"},{"name":"The Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology Parkville 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