{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T12:36:12Z","timestamp":1773232572130,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,13]],"date-time":"2006-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1165968000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,13]],"date-time":"2006-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1165968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,1]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jes.7500537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,13]],"date-time":"2006-12-13T16:49:11Z","timestamp":1166028551000},"page":"445-457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Assessing the impact of the local environment on birth outcomes: a case for HLM"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Bryan L","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Pennock-Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hoi K","family":"Suen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melina S","family":"Magsumbol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esra","family":"Ozdenerol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"BF7500537_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.8.606","volume":"57","author":"J Ahern","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ahern J., Pickett K.E., Selvin S., and Abrams B. Preterm birth among African American and white women: a multilevel analysis of socioeconomic characteristics and cigarette smoking. J Epidemiol Community Health 2003: 57 (8): 606\u2013611.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"BF7500537_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.1.e61","volume":"111","author":"GR Alexander","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alexander G.R., Kogan M., Bader D., Carlo W., Allen M., and Mor J. US birth weight\/gestational age-specific neonatal mortality: 1995 to 1997 rates for whites, hispanics, and blacks. Pediatrics 2003: 111 (1): e61\u2013e66.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2 Suppl 3","key":"BF7500537_CR3","first-page":"S3","volume":"16","author":"D Ashton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ashton D. Prematurity \u2014 infant mortality: the scourge remains. Ethn Dis 2006: 16 (2 Suppl 3): S3\u2013S58\u2013S62.","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"BF7500537_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.58.2.145","volume":"58","author":"A Beckman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Beckman A., Merlo J., Lynch J.W., Gerdtham U.G., Lindstrom M., and Lithman T. Country of birth, socioeconomic position, and healthcare expenditure: a multilevel analysis of Malmo, Sweden. J Epidemiol Community Health 2004: 58 (2): 145\u2013149.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"BF7500537_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00344-6","volume":"55","author":"F Beland","year":"2002","unstructured":"Beland F., Birch S., and Stoddart G. Unemployment and health: contextual-level influences on the production of health in populations. Soc Sci Med 2002: 55 (11): 2033\u20132052.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"BF7500537_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00007-7","volume":"54","author":"TA Blakely","year":"2002","unstructured":"Blakely T.A., Lochner K., and Kawachi I. Metropolitan area income inequality and self-rated health \u2014 a multi-level study. Soc Sci Med 2002: 54 (1): 65\u201377.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"BF7500537_CR7","volume-title":"Multilevel analysis of educational data","author":"RD Bock","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bock R.D. Multilevel analysis of educational data. NY: Academic Press, 1989."},{"key":"BF7500537_CR8","volume-title":"Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods","author":"AS Bryk","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bryk A.S., and Raudenbush S.W. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Newbury Park, CA, Sage, 1992."},{"issue":"5","key":"BF7500537_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/0272-4332.215159","volume":"21","author":"J Chakraborty","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chakraborty J. Acute exposure to extremely hazardous substances: an analysis of environmental equity. Risk Anal 2001: 21 (5): 883\u2013895.","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"issue":"6","key":"BF7500537_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agh091","volume":"39","author":"CJ Cherpitel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cherpitel C.J., Ye Y., and Bond J. Alcohol and injury: multi-level analysis from the emergency room collaborative alcohol analysis project (ERCAAP). Alcohol 2004: 39 (6): 552\u2013558.","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"BF7500537_CR11","volume-title":"Applied multiple regression\/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cohen J., and Cohen P. Applied multiple regression\/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1983."},{"key":"BF7500537_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)90404-9","volume":"38","author":"P Dargent-Molina","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dargent-Molina P., James S.A., Strogatz D.S., and Savitz D.A. Association between maternal education and infant diarrhea in different households and community environments of Cebu, Philippines. Social Science and Medicine 1994: 38: 343\u2013350.","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"key":"BF7500537_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010109","volume":"150","author":"G Davey-Smith","year":"1999","unstructured":"Davey-Smith G., and Hart C. Re: Use of census-based aggregate variables to proxy for socioeconomic group: evidence from national samples. Am J Epidemiol 1999: 150: 996\u2013997.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"BF7500537_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.2.216","volume":"88","author":"AV Diez-Roux","year":"1998","unstructured":"Diez-Roux A.V. Bringing context back into epidemiology: variables and fallacies in multilevel analysis. Am J Public Health 1998: 88 (2): 216\u2013222.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"BF7500537_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.21.1.171","volume":"21","author":"AV Diez-Roux","year":"2000","unstructured":"Diez-Roux A.V. Multilevel analysis in public health research. Annu Rev Public Health 2000: 21: 171\u2013192.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"BF7500537_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.11.1783","volume":"91","author":"AV Diez-Roux","year":"2001","unstructured":"Diez-Roux A.V. Investigating neighborhood and area effects on health. Am J Public Health 2001: 91 (11): 1783\u20131789.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"BF7500537_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxh006","volume":"26","author":"AV Diez-Roux","year":"2004","unstructured":"Diez-Roux A.V. The study of group-level factors in epidemiology: rethinking variables, study designs, and analytical approaches. Epidemiol Rev 2004: 26: 104\u2013111.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"BF7500537_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi020","volume":"34","author":"AV Diez-Roux","year":"2005","unstructured":"Diez-Roux A.V. Commentary: estimating and understanding area health effects. Int J Epidemiol 2005: 34 (2): 284\u2013285.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"BF7500537_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1086\/425288","volume":"191","author":"AV Diez-Roux","year":"2005","unstructured":"Diez-Roux A.V., and Aiello A.E. Multilevel analysis of infectious diseases. J Infect Dis 2005: 191 (Suppl 1): S25\u2013S33.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"BF7500537_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2003.019596","volume":"58","author":"AV Diez-Roux","year":"2004","unstructured":"Diez-Roux A.V., Borrell L.N., Haan M., Jackson S.A., and Schultz R. Neighbourhood environments and mortality in an elderly cohort: results from the cardiovascular health study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2004: 58 (11): 917\u2013923.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"BF7500537_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427896033004002","volume":"33","author":"D Elliot","year":"1996","unstructured":"Elliot D., Wilson W., Huizinga D., Sampson R., Elliott A., and Rankin B. The effects of neighborhood disadvantage on adolescent development. J Res Crime Delinquency 1996: 33: 389\u2013426.","journal-title":"J Res Crime Delinquency"},{"issue":"3","key":"BF7500537_CR22","first-page":"20","volume":"36","author":"MT Fox","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fox M.T., Brathwaite A.C., and Sidani S. Evaluating the effectiveness of interventions: exploration of two statistical methods. Can J Nurs Res 2004: 36 (3): 20\u201330.","journal-title":"Can J Nurs Res"},{"key":"BF7500537_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009673","volume":"148","author":"AT Geronimus","year":"1998","unstructured":"Geronimus A.T., and Bound J. Use of census-based aggregate variables to proxy for socioeconomic group: evidence from national samples. Am J Epidemiol 1998: 148: 475\u2013486.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6 Part 1","key":"BF7500537_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e676","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.6.e676","volume":"111","author":"JB Gould","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gould J.B., Madan A., Qin C., and Chavez G. Perinatal outcomes in two dissimilar immigrant populations in the United States: a dual epidemiologic paradox. Pediatrics 2003: 111 (6 Part 1): e676\u2013e682.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"BF7500537_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.8.1166","volume":"89","author":"S Greenland","year":"1999","unstructured":"Greenland S. Relation of probability of causation to a methodologic error that has become a social problem. Am J Public Health 1999: 89 (8): 1166\u20131169.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"BF7500537_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115073","volume":"128","author":"S Greenland","year":"1988","unstructured":"Greenland S., and Robins J. Conceptual problems in the definition and interpretation of attributable fractions. Am J Epidemiol 1988: 128 (6): 1185\u20131197.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"BF7500537_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117069","volume":"139","author":"S Greenland","year":"1994","unstructured":"Greenland S., and Robins J. Invited commentary: Ecologic studies-biases, misconceptions, and counterexamples. Am J Epidemiol 1994: 139 (8): 747\u2013760.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"BF7500537_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1177\/147078539303500303","volume":"35","author":"K Jones","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jones K. Using multilevel models for survey analysis. J Market Res Soc 1993: 35 (3): 249\u2013265.","journal-title":"J Market Res Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"BF7500537_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(02)00480-5","volume":"13","author":"JS Kaufman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kaufman J.S., Dole N., Savitz D.A., and Herring A.H. Modeling community-level effects on preterm birth. Ann Epidemiol 2003: 13 (5): 377\u2013384.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"BF7500537_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.7.843","volume":"284","author":"MS Kramer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kramer M.S., Demissie K., Yang H., Platt R.W., Sauve R., and Liston R. The contribution of mild and moderate preterm birth to infant mortality. Fetal and Infant Health Study Group of the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System. JAMA 2000: 284 (7): 843\u2013849.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"BF7500537_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010095","volume":"150","author":"NGD Krieger","year":"1999","unstructured":"Krieger N.G.D. Re: use of census-based aggregate variables to proxy for socioeconomic group: evidence from national samples. Am I Epidemiol 1999: 150: 892\u2013896.","journal-title":"Am I Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"BF7500537_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639708403856","volume":"19","author":"SH Landry","year":"1997","unstructured":"Landry S.H., Denson S.E., and Swank P.R. Effects of medical risk and socioeconomic status on the rate of change in cognitive and social development for low birth weight children. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1997: 19 (2): 261\u2013274.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"BF7500537_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu S., Krewski D., Shi Y., Chen Y., and Burnett R.T. Association between maternal exposure to ambient air pollutants during pregnancy and fetal growth restriction. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2006: http:\/\/www.nature.com\/jes\/journal\/vaop\/ncurrent\/abs\/7500503a.html.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jes.7500503"},{"key":"BF7500537_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00229-9","volume":"47","author":"D Matteson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Matteson D., Burr J., and Marshall J. Infant mortality: a multi-level analysis of individual and community risk factors. Soc Sci Med 1998: 47: 1841\u20131854.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"BF7500537_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.56.3.193","volume":"56","author":"L McLaren","year":"2002","unstructured":"McLaren L., and Gauvin L. Neighbourhood level versus individual level correlates of women's body dissatisfaction: toward a multilevel understanding of the role of affluence. J Epidemiol Community Health 2002: 56 (3): 193\u2013199.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"BF7500537_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1177\/074823379300900505","volume":"9","author":"LE Montgomery","year":"1993","unstructured":"Montgomery L.E., and Carter-Pokras O. Health status by social class and\/or minority status: implications for environmental equity research. Toxicol Ind Health 1993: 9 (5): 729\u2013773.","journal-title":"Toxicol Ind Health"},{"key":"BF7500537_CR37","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Measuring Psychosocial Variables in Epidemiological Studies of Cardiovascular Disease: Proceedings of a Workshop","author":"H Morgenstern","year":"1985","unstructured":"Morgenstern H. Socioeconomic factors: Concepts, measurement and health effects. In: Measuring Psychosocial Variables in Epidemiological Studies of Cardiovascular Disease: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC, 1985, pp. 3\u201335. NIH Publication 85\u20132270."},{"issue":"2","key":"BF7500537_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.2.209","volume":"93","author":"ME Northridge","year":"2003","unstructured":"Northridge M.E., Stover G.N., Rosenthal J.E., and Sherard D. Environmental equity and health: understanding complexity and moving forward. Am J Public Health 2003: 93 (2): 209\u2013214.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"BF7500537_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.20.3.196","volume":"20","author":"SP Novak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Novak S.P., and Clayton R.R. The influence of school environment and self-regulation on transitions between stages of cigarette smoking: a multilevel analysis. Health Psychol 2001: 20 (3): 196\u2013207.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"BF7500537_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/0163278704264049","volume":"27","author":"AA O\u2019Connell","year":"2004","unstructured":"O\u2019Connell A.A., and McCoach D.B. Applications of hierarchical linear models for evaluations of health interventions: demystifying the methods and interpretations of multilevel models. Eval Health Prof 2004: 27 (2): 119\u2013151.","journal-title":"Eval Health Prof"},{"key":"BF7500537_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02751.x","volume":"954","author":"A Palloni","year":"2001","unstructured":"Palloni A., and Morenoff J.D. Interpreting the paradoxical in the hispanic paradox: demographic and epidemiologic approaches. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001: 954: 140\u2013174.","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"BF7500537_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.2.111","volume":"55","author":"KE Pickett","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pickett K.E., and Pearl M. Multilevel analyses of neighbourhood socioeconomic context and health outcomes: a critical review. J Epidemiol Commun Health 2001: 55 (2): 111\u2013122.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Commun Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"BF7500537_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi173","volume":"162","author":"NA Ponce","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ponce N.A., Hoggatt K.J., Wilhelm M., and Ritz B. Preterm birth: the interaction of traffic-related air pollution with economic hardship in los angeles neighborhoods. Am J Epidemiol 2005: 162 (2): 140\u2013148.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"BF7500537_CR44","volume-title":"Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods","author":"SW Raudenbush","year":"2002","unstructured":"Raudenbush S.W., and Bryk A.S. Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2002."},{"issue":"2","key":"BF7500537_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0027","volume":"118","author":"B Ritz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ritz B., Wilhelm M., and Zhao Y. Air pollution and infant death in Southern California, 1989 to 2000. Pediatrics 2006: 118 (2): 493\u2013502.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"BF7500537_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000147111.46244.41","volume":"16","author":"B Rockhill","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rockhill B. Theorizing about causes at the individual level while estimating effects at the population level: implications for prevention. Epidemiology 2005: 16 (1): 124\u2013129.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"BF7500537_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199804000-00006","volume":"36","author":"R Rosenheck","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rosenheck R., and Stolar M. Access to public mental health services: determinants of population coverage. Med Care 1998: 36 (4): 503\u2013512.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"BF7500537_CR48","first-page":"322","volume":"14","author":"DA Savitz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Savitz D.A., Kaufman J.S., Dole N., Siega-Riz A.M., Thorp Jr J.M., and Kaczor D.T. Poverty, education, race, and pregnancy outcome. Ethn Dis 2004: 14 (3): 322\u2013329.","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"BF7500537_CR49","unstructured":"Scientific Software International (SSI). Scientific Software International (SSI), 2005, available: http:\/\/www.ssicentral.com\/hlm\/hlm00122.htm."},{"issue":"4","key":"BF7500537_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6362","volume":"113","author":"RJ Sram","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sram R.J., Binkova B., Dejmek J., and Bobak M. Ambient air pollution and pregnancy outcomes: a review of the literature. Environ Health Perspect 2005: 113 (4): 375\u2013382.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"7","key":"BF7500537_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19990415)18:7<855::AID-SIM117>3.0.CO;2-7","volume":"18","author":"LM Sullivan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sullivan L.M., Dukes K.A., and Losina E. Tutorial in biostatistics. An introduction to hierarchical linear modelling. Stat Med 1999: 18 (7): 855\u2013888.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"BF7500537_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.58.1.71","volume":"58","author":"K Sundquist","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sundquist K., Malmstrom M., and Johansson S.E. Neighbourhood deprivation and incidence of coronary heart disease: a multilevel study of 2.6 million women and men in Sweden. J Epidemiol Commun Health 2004: 58 (1): 71\u201377.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Commun Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"BF7500537_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.5.825","volume":"84","author":"M Susser","year":"1994","unstructured":"Susser M. The logic in ecological: I. the logic of analysis. Am J Public Health 1994: 84 (5): 825\u2013829.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"BF7500537_CR54","first-page":"67","volume":"94","author":"SD Walter","year":"1991","unstructured":"Walter S.D. The ecologic method in the study of environmental health Methodologic issues and feasibility. Env Health Perspect 1991: 94: 67\u201373.","journal-title":"Env Health Perspect"},{"issue":"5","key":"BF7500537_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00457-4","volume":"57","author":"M Wen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wen M., Browning C.R., and Cagney K.A. Poverty, affluence, and income inequality: neighborhood economic structure and its implications for health. Soc Sci Med 2003: 57 (5): 843\u2013860.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"BF7500537_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2001\/036)","volume":"44","author":"J Windsor","year":"2001","unstructured":"Windsor J., Milbrath R.L., Carney E.J., and Rakowski S.E. General slowing in language impairment: methodological considerations in testing the hypothesis. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2001: 44 (2): 446\u2013461.","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"BF7500537_CR57","first-page":"152","volume":"50","author":"PH Wise","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wise P.H., Wampler N., and Barfield W. The importance of extreme prematurity and low birthweight to US neonatal mortality patterns: implications for prenatal care and women's health. J Am Med Womens Assoc 1995: 50 (5): 152\u2013155.","journal-title":"J Am Med Womens Assoc"},{"issue":"146","key":"BF7500537_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1924.10502876","volume":"19","author":"RM Woodbury","year":"1924","unstructured":"Woodbury R.M. Economic factors in infant mortality. J Am Statist Assoc 1924: 19 (146): 137\u2013155.","journal-title":"J Am Statist Assoc"}],"container-title":["Journal of Exposure Science &amp; Environmental Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/7500537.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/7500537","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/7500537.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T14:14:27Z","timestamp":1647440067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/7500537"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,13]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["BF7500537"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.jes.7500537","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0631","1559-064X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0631","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-064X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 May 2006","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2006","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 December 2006","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}