{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:16:39Z","timestamp":1790900199274,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,25]],"date-time":"2006-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1145923200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,25]],"date-time":"2006-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1145923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,1]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,16]],"date-time":"2006-02-16T07:44:24Z","timestamp":1140075864000},"page":"S46-S50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Oxygen and retinopathy of prematurity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"O D","family":"Saugstad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"BF7211475_CR1","unstructured":"Engstrom E . Early growth, retinopathy of prematurity and insulin-like growth factors in preterm infants. Medical Thesis, University of Goteborg, 2004."},{"key":"BF7211475_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1951.tb109040.x","volume":"2","author":"K Campbell","year":"1951","unstructured":"Campbell K . Intensive oxygen therapy as a possible cause of retrolental fibroplasias: a clinical approach. Med J Aust 1951; 2: 48\u201350.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(52)91140-9","volume":"35","author":"A Patz","year":"1952","unstructured":"Patz A, Hoeck LE, DeLaCruz E . Studies on the effect of high oxygen administration in retrolental fribroplasia. I. Nursery Observations. Am J Ophthalmol 1952; 35: 1248\u20131253.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.38.7.433","volume":"38","author":"N Ashton","year":"1954","unstructured":"Ashton N, Cook C . Direct observation of the effect of oxygen on developing vessels: preliminary report. Br J Ophthalmol 1954; 38: 433\u2013440.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0677-100","volume":"236","author":"WA Silverman","year":"1977","unstructured":"Silverman WA . The lesson of retrolental fibroplasia. Sci Am 1977; 236: 100\u2013107.","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.57.10.731","volume":"57","author":"WA Silverman","year":"1982","unstructured":"Silverman WA . Retinopathy of prematurity: oxygen dogma challenged. Arch Dis Child 1982; 57: 731\u2013733.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e518","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1180","volume":"115","author":"C Gilbert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gilbert C, Fielder A, Gordillo L, Quinn G, Semiglia R, Visintin P et al. Characteristics of infants with severe retinopathy of prematurity in countries with low, moderate, and high levels of development: implications for screening programs. Pediatrics 2005; 115: e518\u2013e525.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(93)31665-9","volume":"100","author":"DB Schaffer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schaffer DB, Palmer EA, Plotsky DF, Metz HS, Flynn JT, Tung B et al. Prognostic factors in the natural course of retinopathy of prematurity. Ophthalmol 1993; 100: 230\u2013237.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1309","volume":"115","author":"BA Darlow","year":"2005","unstructured":"Darlow BA, Hutchinson JL, Henderson-Smart DJ, Donoghue DA, Simpson JM, Evans NJ . Prenatal risk factors for severe retinopathy of prematurity among very preterm infants of the Australian and New Zealand Neonatal Network. Pediatrics 2005; 115: 990\u2013996.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR10","first-page":"233","volume":"80","author":"BE Villegas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Villegas BE, Fernandez M, Gonzales R . Valores de IGF-1s cos en ka ROP: buscando nuevas indicaciones para su screening. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2005; 80: 233\u2013238.","journal-title":"Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F106","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.84.2.F106","volume":"84","author":"W Tin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tin W, Milligan DW, Pennefather P, Hey E . Pulse oximetry, severe retinopathy, and outcome at one year in babies of less than 28 weeks gestation. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2001; 84: F106\u2013F110.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.2.339","volume":"111","author":"LC Chow","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chow LC, Wright KW, Sola A . Can changes in clinical practice decrease the incidence of severe retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants? Pediatrics 2003; 111: 339\u2013345.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211067","volume":"24","author":"CG Anderson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anderson CG, Benitz WE, Madan A . Retinopathy of prematurity and pulse oximetry: a national survey of recent practices. J Perinatol 2004; 24: 164\u2013168.","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa023080","volume":"349","author":"LM Askie","year":"2003","unstructured":"Askie LM, Henderson-Smart DJ, Irwig L, Simpson JM . Oxygen-saturation targets and outcomes in extremely preterm infants. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 959\u2013967.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"BF7211475_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211321","volume":"25","author":"OD Saugstad","year":"2005","unstructured":"Saugstad OD . Oxygen for newborns: how much is too much? J Perinatol 2005; 25 (Suppl 2): S45\u2013S49.","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The STOP-ROP Multicenter Study Group. Supplemental therapeutic oxygen for prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity (STOP-ROP), a randomized, controlled trial. I: primary outcomes. Pediatrics 2000; 105: 295\u2013310.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.2.295"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.3.540","volume":"110","author":"ML McGregor","year":"2002","unstructured":"McGregor ML, Bremer DL, Cole C, McClead RE, Phelps DL, Fellows RR et al. Retinopathy of prematurity outcome in infants with prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity and oxygen saturation >94% in room air: the high oxygen percentage in retinopathy of prematurity study. Pediatrics 2002; 110: 540\u2013544.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199412000-00007","volume":"36","author":"JS Penn","year":"1994","unstructured":"Penn JS, Henry MM, Tolman BL . Exposure to alternating hypoxia and hyperoxia causes severe proliferative retinopathy in the newborn rat. Pediatr Res 1994; 36: 724\u2013731.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000099772.66376.02","volume":"55","author":"JR McColm","year":"2004","unstructured":"McColm JR, Cunningham S, Wade J, Sedowofia K, Gellen B, Sharma T et al. Hypoxic oxygen fluctuations produce less severe retinopathy than hyperoxic fluctuations in a rat model of retinopathy of prematurity. Pediatr Res 2004; 55: 107\u2013113.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR20","first-page":"4275","volume":"41","author":"S Cunningham","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cunningham S, McColm JR, Wade J, Sedowofia K, McIntosh N, Fleck B . A novel model of retinopathy of prematurity simulating preterm oxygen variability in the rat. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci 2000; 41: 4275\u20134280.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199204163261603","volume":"326","author":"JT Flynn","year":"1992","unstructured":"Flynn JT, Bancalari E, Snyder ES, Goldberg RN, Feuer W, Cassady J et al. A cohort study of transcutaneous oxygen tension and the incidence and severity of retinopathy of prematurity. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1050\u20131054.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198802000-00001","volume":"23","author":"OD Saugstad","year":"1988","unstructured":"Saugstad OD . Hypoxanthine as an indicator of hypoxia: its role in health and disease through free radical production. Pediatr Res 1988; 23: 143\u2013150.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1159\/000087586","volume":"88","author":"OD Saugstad","year":"2005","unstructured":"Saugstad OD . Oxidative stress in the newborn: a 30 year perspective. Biol Neonate 2005; 88: 228\u2013236.","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR24","first-page":"395","volume":"81","author":"OD Saugstad","year":"1988","unstructured":"Saugstad OD, Rognum TO . High postmortem levels of hypoxanthine in the vitreous humor of premature babies with respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics 1988; 81: 395\u2013398.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR25","first-page":"744","volume":"40","author":"W Chen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chen W, Hunt DM, Lu H, Hunt RC . Expression of antioxidant protective proteins in the rat retina during prenatal and postnatal development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999; 40: 744\u2013751.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR26","first-page":"47","volume":"27","author":"L Lakatos","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lakatos L, Hatvani I, Oroszlan G, Balla G, Karmazsin L, Alaka O et al. Controlled trial of D-penicillamine to prevent retinopathy of prematurity. Acta Paediatr Hung 1986; 27: 47\u201356.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Hung"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70031-3","volume":"131","author":"TN Raju","year":"1997","unstructured":"Raju TN, Langenberg P, Bhutani V, Quinn GE . Vitamin E prophylaxis to reduce retinopathy of prematurity: a reappraisal of published trials. J Pediatr 1997; 131: 844\u2013850.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-13-1-18","volume":"13","author":"N Ferrara","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ferrara N, Houck K, Jakeman L, Leung DW . Molecular and biological properties of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of proteins. Endocr Rev 1992; 13: 18\u201332.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR29","first-page":"1201","volume":"36","author":"T Chan-Ling","year":"1995","unstructured":"Chan-Ling T, Gock B, Stone J . The effect of oxygen on vasoformative cell division: evidence that \u2018physiological hypoxia\u2019 is the stimulus for normal retinal vasculogenesis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995; 36: 1201\u20131214.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.3.905","volume":"92","author":"EA Pierce","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pierce EA, Avery RL, Foley ED, Aiello LP, Smith LE . Vascular endothelial growth factor\/vascular permeability factor expression in a mouse model of retinal neovascularization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 905\u2013909.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100140419009","volume":"114","author":"EA Pierce","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pierce EA, Foley ED, Smith LE . Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by oxygen in a model of retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol 1996; 114: 1219\u20131228.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1159\/000087587","volume":"88","author":"LEH Smith","year":"2005","unstructured":"Smith LEH . IGF-1 and retinopathy of prematurity in the preterm infant. Biol Neonate 2005; 88: 237\u2013244.","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S1084-2756(03)00119-2","volume":"8","author":"LE Smith","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smith LE . Pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity. Semin Neonatol 2003; 8: 469\u2013473.","journal-title":"Semin Neonatol"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR34","first-page":"137","volume":"68","author":"I Michaelson","year":"1948","unstructured":"Michaelson I . The mode of development of the vascular system of the retina, with some observations in its significance for certain retinal diseases. Trans Opthalmol Soc UK 1948; 68: 137\u2013180.","journal-title":"Trans Opthalmol Soc UK"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/359843a0","volume":"359","author":"D Shweiki","year":"1992","unstructured":"Shweiki D, Itin A, Soffer D, Keshet E . Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-induced angiogenesis. Nature 1992; 359: 843\u2013845.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"BF7211475_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000191257","volume":"48","author":"PD Gluckman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gluckman PD, Harding JE . The physiology and pathophysiology of intrauterine growth retardation. Horm Res 1997; 48 (Suppl 1): 11\u201316.","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(86)90096-4","volume":"13","author":"JD Lineham","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lineham JD, Smith RM, Dahlenburg GW, King RA, Haslam RR, Stuart MC et al. Circulating insulin-like growth factor I levels in newborn premature and full-term infants followed longitudinally. Early Hum Dev 1986; 13: 37\u201346.","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1038\/70963","volume":"5","author":"LE Smith","year":"1999","unstructured":"Smith LE, Shen W, Perruzzi C, Soker S, Kinose F, Xu X et al. Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent retinal neovascularization by insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. Nat Med 1999; 5: 1390\u20131395.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5804","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.101113998","volume":"98","author":"A Hellstrom","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hellstrom A, Pernuzzi C, Ju M, Engstrom E, Hard AL, Liu JL et al. Low IGF-1 suppresses VEGF-a survival signaling in retinal endothelial cells: direct correlation with clinical retinopathy of prematurity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 5804\u20135808.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.5.1016","volume":"112","author":"A Hellstrom","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hellstrom A, Engstrom E, Hard AL, Albertsson-Wikland K, Carlsson B, Niklasson A et al. Postnatal serum insulin-like growth factor I deficiency is associated with retinopathy of prematurity and other complications of premature birth. Pediatrics 2003; 112: 1016\u20131020.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15859","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2136855100","volume":"100","author":"SC Shih","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shih SC, Ju M, Liu N, Mo JR, Ney JJ, Smith LE . Transforming growth factor beta1 induction of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1: mechanism of pericyte-induced vascular survival in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 15859\u201315864.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR42","first-page":"233","volume":"102","author":"WW Good","year":"2004","unstructured":"Good WW . Early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity cooperative group. Trans Am Opthalmol 2004; 102: 233\u2013248.","journal-title":"Trans Am Opthalmol"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darlow BA, Graham PJ . Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in very low birthweight infants (Review). Cochrane Collaboration Syst Rev 2002; 4.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000501"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F117","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.056440","volume":"90","author":"BA Darlow","year":"2005","unstructured":"Darlow BA, Buss H, McGill F, Fletcher L, Graham P, Winterbourn CC . Vitamin C supplementation in very preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005; 90: F117\u2013F122.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1995.23.5.385","volume":"23","author":"J Sanderud","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sanderud J, Oroszlan G, Bjoro K, Kumlin M, Saugstad OD . D-penicillamine inhibits the action of reactive oxygen species in the pig pulmonary circulation. J Perinat Med 1995; 23: 385\u2013393.","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phelps DL, Lakatos L, Watts JL . D-penicillamine for preventing retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants (Review). Cochrane Collaboration Syst Rev 2001; 1.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001073"},{"key":"BF7211475_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199205073261901","volume":"326","author":"M Hallman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hallman M, Bry K, Hoppu K, Lappi M, Pohjavuori M . Inositol supplementation in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1233\u20131239.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Perinatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/7211475.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/7211475","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/7211475.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T11:28:02Z","timestamp":1647602882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/7211475"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,25]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["BF7211475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.jp.7211475","relation":{},"ISSN":["0743-8346","1476-5543"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0743-8346","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5543","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 April 2006","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}