{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:01:32Z","timestamp":1791889292351,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,1]],"date-time":"2006-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,1]],"date-time":"2006-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,7]],"date-time":"2015-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3537,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["kidney-international.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Kidney International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,23]],"date-time":"2006-03-23T10:36:09Z","timestamp":1143110169000},"page":"1377-1384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":165,"title":["1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through a VEGF-mediated pathway"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Card\u00fas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Aldea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.M.","family":"Valdivielso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0010","first-page":"7","article-title":"Report on management of renal-failure in Europe, Xxii, 1991","volume":"7","author":"Raine","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1159\/000074920","article-title":"Cardiac disease in chronic kidney disease: current understandings and opportunities for change","volume":"22","author":"Levin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood Purif"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.06818.x","article-title":"Left ventricular hypertrophy in renal failure","volume":"54","author":"Amann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0025","first-page":"S82","article-title":"Anemia in predialysis chronic renal failure: what are we treating?","volume":"9","author":"Foley","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197403282901301","article-title":"Accelerated atherosclerosis in prolonged maintenance hemodialysis","volume":"290","author":"Lindner","year":"1974","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.29.3.770","article-title":"Aortic changes in experimental renal failure \u2013 hyperplasia or hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells?","volume":"29","author":"Amann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1309\/AGLF-X21H-Y37W-50KL","article-title":"Cutaneous calciphylaxis \u2013 an underrecognized clinicopathologic entity","volume":"113","author":"Essary","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg1083","article-title":"Left ventricular hypertrophy: why does it happen?","volume":"18","author":"London","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.3.999","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle growth: autocrine growth mechanisms","volume":"81","author":"Berk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-8807(03)00130-3","article-title":"Regulation of cardiovascular calcification","volume":"13","author":"Speer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.5551\/jat1994.3.90","article-title":"Role of molecular regulation in vascular calcification","volume":"3","author":"Parhami","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Atheroscler Thromb"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014559600042","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D-3 levels are elevated in South Indian patients with ischemic heart disease","volume":"17","author":"Rajasree","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-138-36030","article-title":"Induction of aortic and coronary athero-arteriosclerosis in rats Fed A Hypervitaminosis-D, cholesterol-containing diet","volume":"138","author":"Bajwa","year":"1971","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0075","first-page":"25","article-title":"Experimental arteriosclerosis in rhesus-monkeys induced by multiple risk-factors \u2013 cholesterol, vitamin-D, and nicotine","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"1979","journal-title":"Paroi Arterielle-Arterial Wall"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114097","article-title":"Identification and regulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 receptor activity and biosynthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 \u2013 studies in cultured bovine aortic endothelial-cells and human dermal capillaries","volume":"83","author":"Merke","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V133621","article-title":"Synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 by human endothelial cells is regulated by inflammatory cytokines: a novel autocrine determinant of vascular cell adhesion","volume":"13","author":"Zehnder","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000025269.60668.0F","article-title":"1 Alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 induces vascular smooth muscle cell migration via activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase","volume":"91","author":"Rebsamen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.13.6.954","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin-D3 and rat vascular smooth-muscle cell-growth","volume":"13","author":"Maccarthy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(88)90685-6","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin-D3 binds specifically to rat vascular smooth-muscle cells and stimulates their proliferation in vitro","volume":"42","author":"Koh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2.15.2847948","article-title":"1,25(Oh)2-vitamin-D3 receptors \u2013 gene-regulation and genetic circuitry","volume":"2","author":"Minghetti","year":"1988","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(90)91979-3","article-title":"Up-regulation of the intestinal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D receptor during hypervitaminosis-D \u2013 a comparison between vitamin-D2 and vitamin-D3","volume":"169","author":"Beckman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(00)00153-7","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D(3)-1alpha-hydroxylase and vitamin D receptor gene expression in human colonic mucosa is elevated during early cancerogenesis","volume":"66","author":"Cross","year":"2001","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1480403","article-title":"Decrease in vitamin D receptor and calcium-sensing receptor in highly proliferative parathyroid adenomas","volume":"148","author":"Yano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-115-5-1891","article-title":"Extracellular calcium is involved in the mechanism of differentiation of mouse myeloid-leukemia cells (M1) induced by 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3","volume":"115","author":"Miyaura","year":"1984","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1159\/000174095","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-3 and the synthetic: vitamin D analogue, KH 1060, modulate the growth of mouse proximal tubular cells","volume":"19","author":"Weinreich","year":"1996","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Pressure Res"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(02)64010-5","article-title":"Antiproliferative action of vitamin D","volume":"64","author":"Ylikomi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vitamins Hormones \u2013 Adv Res Appl"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115213","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin-D3 modulates growth of vascular smooth-muscle cells","volume":"87","author":"Mitsuhashi","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/11.supp3.96","article-title":"Guidelines for dosing of intravenous calcitriol in dialysis patients with hyperparathyroidism","volume":"11","author":"Fernandez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-200307000-00017","article-title":"Nutritional considerations in osteoporosis","volume":"15","author":"Kitchin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4644(19990401)73:1<106::AID-JCB12>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"1 Alpha,25-dihydroxy-3-epi-vitamin D-3, a natural metabolite of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3, is a potent suppressor of parathyroid hormone secretion","volume":"73","author":"Brown","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V11101865","article-title":"The in vitro effect of calcitriol on parathyroid cell proliferation and apoptosis","volume":"11","author":"Canalejo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38965","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M203736200","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D down-regulates cell membrane growth- and nuclear growth-promoting signals by the epidermal growth factor receptor","volume":"277","author":"Cordero","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V1271468","article-title":"Relative potencies of 1,25-(OH)(2)D-3 and 19-Nor-1,25-(OH)(2)D-2 on inducing differentiation and markers of bone formation in MG-63 cells","volume":"12","author":"Finch","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-72-1-157","article-title":"Extrarenal production of calcitriol in normal and uremic humans","volume":"72","author":"Dusso","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F746","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1995.268.4.F746","article-title":"Kinetics of monocyte 1-alpha-hydroxylase in renal-failure","volume":"37","author":"Gallieni","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol \u2013 Renal Physiol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0185","first-page":"F192","article-title":"Mechanism of decreased calcitriol degradation in renal-failure","volume":"262","author":"Hsu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1016\/S0085-2538(15)48065-2","article-title":"Inflammation, not hyperhomocysteinemia, is related to oxidative stress and hemostatic and endothelial dysfunction in uremia","volume":"60","author":"Mezzano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00860.x","article-title":"Effect of advanced glycation end-products on gene expression and synthesis of TNF-alpha and endothelial nitric oxide synthase by endothelial cells","volume":"66","author":"Rashid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc909","article-title":"VEGF and the quest for tumour angiogenesis factors","volume":"2","author":"Ferrara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17189","article-title":"Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia","volume":"111","author":"Maynard","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-001-0336-4","article-title":"The involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor and flt-1 in the process of neointimal proliferation in pig coronary arteries following stent implantation","volume":"116","author":"Shibata","year":"2001","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1978","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00414.2003","article-title":"Endogenous VEGF-A is responsible for mitogenic effects of MCP-1 on vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"286","author":"Parenti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol \u2013 Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.2001.2632","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-3 stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor release in aortic smooth muscle cells: role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase","volume":"398","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1121","article-title":"Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in smooth muscle cells","volume":"188","author":"Ishida","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-004-0763-8","article-title":"A novel low molecular weight VEGF receptor-binding antagonist VGA1102, inhibits the function of VEGF and in vivo tumor growth","volume":"54","author":"Ueda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.3.325","article-title":"The nuclear vitamin D receptor: biological and molecular regulatory properties revealed","volume":"13","author":"Haussler","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.11.1055","article-title":"Apoptosis regulates human vascular calcification in vitro \u2013 evidence for initiation of vascular calcification by apoptotic bodies","volume":"87","author":"Proudfoot","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2004070573","article-title":"Activated injectable vitamin D and hemodialysis survival: a historical cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Teng","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(92)90259-P","article-title":"Smooth-muscle cell outgrowth from human atherosclerotic plaque \u2013 implications for the assessment of lesion biology","volume":"20","author":"Pickering","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1718","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1999.276.6.R1718","article-title":"Role of nitric oxide in the early renal hemodynamic response after unilateral nephrectomy","volume":"276","author":"Valdivielso","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol \u2013 Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000013293.11876.4E","article-title":"Vasodilatory N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are constitutively expressed in rat kidney","volume":"13","author":"Deng","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"}],"container-title":["Kidney International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0085253815516797?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0085253815516797?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:46:59Z","timestamp":1758761219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0085253815516797"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0085253815516797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304","relation":{},"ISSN":["0085-2538"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0085-2538","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through a VEGF-mediated pathway","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Kidney International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ki.5000304","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2006 International Society of Nephrology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}