{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:03:27Z","timestamp":1792029807046,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]],"date-time":"2006-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1164931200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,7]],"date-time":"2015-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3293,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Kidney International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,11]],"date-time":"2006-10-11T09:23:32Z","timestamp":1160558612000},"page":"2116-2123","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":284,"title":["Long-term effects of spironolactone on proteinuria and kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Bigazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.M.","family":"Campese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0010","first-page":"S17","article-title":"US renal data system: excerpts from USRDS 2005 annual report","volume":"47","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.37.1.101","article-title":"Effects of norepinephirne and angiotensin II on the determinants of glomerular ultrafiltration and proximal tubule fluid reabsorption in the rat","volume":"37","author":"Myers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.82","article-title":"Vasoactive hormones and renal sclerosis","volume":"49","author":"Egido","year":"1996","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1997.2","article-title":"Understanding the nature of renal disease progression","volume":"51","author":"Remuzzi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0030","first-page":"431","article-title":"Role of the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system in the progression of renal disease: a critical review","volume":"17","author":"Ibrahim","year":"1997","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112528","article-title":"Therapeutic advantage of converting enzyme inhibitors in arresting progressive renal disease associated with systemic hypertension in the rat","volume":"77","author":"Anderson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199311113292004","article-title":"The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group","volume":"329","author":"Lewis","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00880.x","article-title":"Renoprotective effects of angiotensin II receptor blockade in type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy","volume":"57","author":"Andersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011161","article-title":"Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy","volume":"345","author":"Brenner","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011303","article-title":"Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes","volume":"345","author":"Lewis","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1053\/snep.2001.26793","article-title":"Role of angiotensin II in glomerular injury","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.10.1056","article-title":"Comparison of candesartan, enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure: randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction (RESOLVD) pilot study","volume":"10","author":"McElvie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118867","article-title":"Role of aldosterone in the remnant kidney model in the rat","volume":"98","author":"Greene","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.31.1.451","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid blockade reduces vascular injury in stroke-prone hypertensive rats","volume":"31","author":"Rocha","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.33.1.232","article-title":"Role of aldosterone in renal vascular injury in stroke-prone hypertensive rats","volume":"33","author":"Rocha","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2004090804","article-title":"Remission of existing glomerulosclerosis by inhibition of aldosterone","volume":"16","author":"Aldigier","year":"2005","journal-title":"JASN"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1982.14","article-title":"Plasma aldosterone concentration in chronic renal failure","volume":"21","author":"Hene","year":"1982","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1978.114","article-title":"Role of aldosterone in the control of sodium excretion in patients with advanced chronic renal failure","volume":"14","author":"Berl","year":"1978","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2004.01194.x","article-title":"The effects of spironolactone, cilazapril and their combination on albuminuria in patients with hypertension and diabetic nephropathy is independent of blood pressure reduction: a randomized controlled study","volume":"21","author":"Rachmani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000044937.95080.E9","article-title":"Effectiveness of aldosterone blockade in patients with diabetic nephropathy","volume":"41","author":"Sato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.03.007","article-title":"Antagonists of aldosterone and proteinuria in patients with CKD: an uncontrolled pilot study","volume":"46","author":"Bianchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01040905","volume":"1","author":"Chrysostomou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12229-5","article-title":"Combination treatment of angiotensin-II receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in non-diabetic renal disease (COOPERATE): a randomized controlled trial","volume":"361","author":"Nakao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.22069","article-title":"Late escape from the antiproteinuric effects of ACE inhibitors in non diabetic renal disease","volume":"37","author":"Shiigai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200109203451215","article-title":"Spironolactone in addition to ACE inhibition to reduce proteinuria in patients with chronic renal disease","volume":"345","author":"Chrysostomou","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0135","first-page":"6A","article-title":"The selective aldosterone blocker eplerenone reduces proteinuria without concomitant hyperkalemia","volume":"14","author":"Epstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00756.x","article-title":"Beneficial impact of spironolactone in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"68","author":"Schjoedt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.9.2106","article-title":"Beneficial effects of adding spironolactone to recommended antihypertensive treatment in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"28","author":"Rossing","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000205224.58715.cc","article-title":"Rapid non genomic effects of aldosterone on the renal vasculature in humans","volume":"47","author":"Schmidt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000205225.88721.2c","article-title":"Non genomic renal effects of aldosterone. Dependency on NO and genomic actions","volume":"47","author":"Chun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000083982.74108.54","article-title":"Non genomic vascular action of aldosterone in the glomerular microcirculation","volume":"14","author":"Arima","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000111138.78714.1a","article-title":"Endothelium-derived nitric oxide modulates vascular action of aldosterone in renal arteriole","volume":"43","author":"Arima","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000105624.68174.00","article-title":"Aldosterone antagonism attenuates obesity-induced hypertension and glomerular hyperfiltration","volume":"43","author":"De Paula","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(01)80115-3","article-title":"Aldosterone as a mediator of progressive renal disease: pathogenetic and clinical implications","volume":"37","author":"Epstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00701.x","article-title":"Aldosterone in the development and progression of renal injury","volume":"66","author":"Hollenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1992.45","article-title":"Adrenalectomy ameliorates ablative nephropathy in the rat independently of corticosterone maintenance level","volume":"41","author":"Quan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"suppl N","key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/16.suppl_N.92","article-title":"Aldosterone: intracellular receptors in human heart","volume":"16","author":"Bonvalet","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H647","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2001.281.2.H647","article-title":"Effect of a selective aldosterone receptor antagonist in myocardial infarction: effect on infarct healing and left ventricular remodeling","volume":"281","author":"Delyani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0200","first-page":"1561","article-title":"Evidence for the presence in the arterial walls of intracellular-molecular mechanism for action of mineralocorticoids","volume":"4","author":"Kornel","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Exper Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(95)03559-P","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor, mineralocorticoid receptors, 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 and -2 expression in rat brain and kidney: in situ studies","volume":"111","author":"Roland","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(97)00097-7","article-title":"Fibrosis of atria and great vessels in response to angiotensin II or aldosterone infusion","volume":"35","author":"Sun","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199705)20:1<23::AID-GLIA3>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Glucocorticoid- and mineralocorticoid receptors in microglial cells: the two receptors mediate differential effects of corticosteroids","volume":"20","author":"Tanaka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.43.1.95","article-title":"Synthesis of type IV collagen by cultured glomerular cells and comparison of its regulation by glucose and other factors with that of type IV collagen","volume":"43","author":"Watisaka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.32.6.965","article-title":"Effect of activation and inhibition of the renin\u2013angiotensin system on plasma PAI-I","volume":"32","author":"Brown","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F209","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00032.2002","article-title":"Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and the kidney","volume":"283","author":"Eddy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.35.5.1078","article-title":"Local angiotensin II and transforming growth factor-b in renal fibrosis in rats","volume":"35","author":"Sun","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00707.x","article-title":"Therapeutic benefit of spironolactone in experimental chronic cyclosporine A nephrotoxicity","volume":"63","author":"Feria","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000157408.43807.5a","article-title":"Eplerenone shows renoprotective effect by reducing LOX-1mediated adhesion molecule, PKCe-MAPK-p90RSK, and Rho-Kinase Pathway","volume":"45","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000222003.28517.99","article-title":"Podocyte injury underlies the glomerulopathy of Dahl salt-hypertensive rats and is reversed by aldosterone blocker","volume":"47","author":"Nagase","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0255","first-page":"131","article-title":"Estimation of glomerular filtration rate by creatinine-based formulas: any room for improvement?","volume":"5","author":"Poggio","year":"2006","journal-title":"NephSAP"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-139-2-200307150-00013","article-title":"National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification","volume":"139","author":"Levey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Int Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854_bb0265","first-page":"S1","article-title":"K\/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification","volume":"39","author":"Kidney Foundation","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"}],"container-title":["Kidney International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0085253815519005?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0085253815519005?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,21]],"date-time":"2019-04-21T12:34:53Z","timestamp":1555850093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0085253815519005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0085253815519005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ki.5001854","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1060719.511140","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0085-2538"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0085-2538","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}}}