{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T22:23:53Z","timestamp":1787696633005,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,12]],"date-time":"2014-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1392163200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,12]],"date-time":"2014-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1392163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/srep04067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,12]],"date-time":"2014-02-12T10:10:14Z","timestamp":1392199814000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Uncovering foveal crowding?"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Lev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oren","family":"Yehezkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uri","family":"Polat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.02.005","volume":"15","author":"D Whitney","year":"2011","unstructured":"Whitney, D. & Levi, D. M. Visual crowding: a fundamental limit on conscious perception and object recognition. Trends cogn sci 15, 160\u2013168, 10.1016\/j.tics.2011.02.005 (2011).","journal-title":"Trends cogn sci"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.12.009","volume":"48","author":"DM Levi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Levi, D. M. Crowding\u2013an essential bottleneck for object recognition: a mini-review. Vision res 48, 635\u2013654, 10.1016\/j.visres.2007.12.009 (2008).","journal-title":"Vision res"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.02.015","volume":"47","author":"YS Bonneh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bonneh, Y. S., Sagi, D. & Polat, U. Spatial and temporal crowding in amblyopia. Vision res 47, 1950\u20131962 (2007).","journal-title":"Vision res"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.53.001026","volume":"53","author":"MC Flom","year":"1963","unstructured":"Flom, M. C., Weymouth, F. W. & Kahneman, D. Visual resolution and contour interaction. J Opt Soc Am 53, 1026\u20131032 (1963).","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(01)00071-2","volume":"41","author":"ST Chung","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chung, S. T., Levi, D. M. & Legge, G. E. Spatial-frequency and contrast properties of crowding. Vision res 41, 1833\u20131850 (2001).","journal-title":"Vision res"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(93)90081-7","volume":"33","author":"U Polat","year":"1993","unstructured":"Polat, U. & Sagi, D. Lateral interactions between spatial channels: suppression and facilitation revealed by lateral masking experiments. Vision res 33, 993\u2013999 (1993).","journal-title":"Vision res"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR7","first-page":"1136","volume":"4","author":"DG Pelli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pelli, D. G., Palomares, M. & Majaj, N. J. Crowding is unlike ordinary masking: distinguishing feature integration from detection. J Vis 4, 1136\u20131169 (2004).","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2187","volume":"11","author":"DG Pelli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pelli, D. G. & Tillman, K. A. The uncrowded window of object recognition. Nat neurosc 11, 1129\u20131135 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat neurosc"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4 1","DOI":"10.1167\/9.10.4","volume":"9","author":"R Chakravarthi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chakravarthi, R. & Cavanagh, P. Recovery of a crowded object by masking the flankers: determining the locus of feature integration. J Vis 9, 4 1\u20139, 10.1167\/9.10.4 (2009).","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/383334a0","volume":"383","author":"S He","year":"1996","unstructured":"He, S., Cavanagh, P. & Intriligator, J. Attentional resolution and the locus of visual awareness. Nature 383, 334\u2013337 (1996).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/89532","volume":"4","author":"L Parkes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Parkes, L., Lund, J., Angelucci, A., Solomon, J. A. & Morgan, M. Compulsory averaging of crowded orientation signals in human vision. Nat neurosc 4, 739\u2013744. (2001).","journal-title":"Nat neurosc"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90258-5","volume":"34","author":"U Polat","year":"1994","unstructured":"Polat, U. & Sagi, D. The architecture of perceptual spatial interactions. Vision research 34, 73\u201378 (1994).","journal-title":"Vision research"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1167\/11.13.18","volume":"11","author":"T Livne","year":"2011","unstructured":"Livne, T. & Sagi, D. Multiple levels of orientation anisotropy in crowding with Gabor flankers. Journal of vision 11, 18, 10.1167\/11.13.18 (2011).","journal-title":"Journal of vision"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.04.012","volume":"51","author":"M Carrasco","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carrasco, M. Visual attention: the past 25 years. Vision res 51, 1484\u20131525, 10.1016\/j.visres.2011.04.012 (2011).","journal-title":"Vision res"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR15","unstructured":"Coates, D. R. & Levi, D. M. Contour interaction in foveal vision: A response to. Vision res, 10.1016\/j.visres.2013.10.016."},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2012.11.008","volume":"77","author":"J Siderov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Siderov, J., Waugh, S. J. & Bedell, H. E. Foveal contour interaction for low contrast acuity targets. Vision res 77, 10\u201313, 10.1016\/j.visres.2012.11.008 (2013).","journal-title":"Vision res"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.2001.0755","volume":"43","author":"J Intriligator","year":"2001","unstructured":"Intriligator, J. & Cavanagh, P. The spatial resolution of visual attention. Cognit Psychol 43, 171\u2013216 (2001).","journal-title":"Cognit Psychol"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00278","volume":"2","author":"U Polat","year":"2012","unstructured":"Polat, U. et al. Training the brain to overcome the effect of aging on the human eye. Sci rep 2, 278, 10.1038\/srep00278 (2012).","journal-title":"Sci rep"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.06.005","volume":"49","author":"U Polat","year":"2009","unstructured":"Polat, U. Making perceptual learning practical to improve visual functions. Vision res 49, 2566\u20132573, 10.1016\/j.visres.2009.06.005 (2009).","journal-title":"Vision res"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2010.10.020","volume":"51","author":"C Owsley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Owsley, C. Aging and vision. Vision res 51, 1610\u20131622 10.1016\/j.visres.2010.10.020 (2011).","journal-title":"Vision res"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.07.031","volume":"44","author":"YS Bonneh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bonneh, Y. S., Sagi, D. & Polat, U. Local and non-local deficits in amblyopia: acuity and spatial interactions. Vision res 44, 3099\u20133110 (2004).","journal-title":"Vision res"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.63.000212","volume":"63","author":"WS Baron","year":"1973","unstructured":"Baron, W. S. & Westheimer, G. Visual acuity as a function of exposure duration. J Opt Soc Am 63, 212\u2013219 (1973).","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.04.013","volume":"49","author":"A Sterkin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sterkin, A., Yehezkel, O., Bonneh, Y. S., Norcia, A. & Polat, U. Backward masking suppresses collinear facilitation in the visual cortex. Vision res 49, 1784\u20131794, 10.1016\/j.visres.2009.04.013 (2009).","journal-title":"Vision res"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR24","volume-title":"Visual masking: an integrative approach.","author":"BG Breitmeyer","year":"1984","unstructured":"Breitmeyer, B. G. Visual masking: an integrative approach. Vol. 4 (Oxford University Press, 1984)."},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.06.007","volume":"47","author":"U Polat","year":"2007","unstructured":"Polat, U. & Sagi, D. The relationship between the subjective and objective aspects of visual filling-in. Vision res 47, 2473\u20132481 10.1016\/j.visres.2007.06.007 (2007).","journal-title":"Vision res"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(75)90012-7","volume":"15","author":"G Westheimer","year":"1975","unstructured":"Westheimer, G. & Hauske, G. Temporal and spatial interference with vernier acuity. Vision res 15, 1137\u20131141 (1975).","journal-title":"Vision res"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1167\/13.9.571","volume":"13","author":"S Tripathy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tripathy, S., Cavanagh, P. & Bedell, H. Large Interaction Zones for Visual Crowding for Briefly Presented Peripheral Stimuli. J Vis 13, 571, 10.1167\/13.9.571 (2013).","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1038\/nn886","volume":"5","author":"P Neri","year":"2002","unstructured":"Neri, P. & Heeger, D. J. Spatiotemporal mechanisms for detecting and identifying image features in human vision. Nat neurosc 5, 812\u2013816 10.1038\/nn886 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat neurosc"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9050","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1760\u201309.2009","volume":"29","author":"MM Schira","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schira, M. M., Tyler, C. W., Breakspear, M. & Spehar, B. The foveal confluence in human visual cortex. J neurosci 29, 9050\u20139058, 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1760\u201309.2009 (2009).","journal-title":"J neurosci"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.09.031","volume":"46","author":"U Polat","year":"2006","unstructured":"Polat, U. & Sagi, D. Temporal asymmetry of collinear lateral interactions. Vision res 46, 953\u2013960 (2006).","journal-title":"Vision res"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17 11","DOI":"10.1167\/8.7.17","volume":"8","author":"A Sterkin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sterkin, A. & Polat, U. Response similarity as a basis for perceptual binding. J Vis 8, 17 11\u201312, 10.1167\/8.7.17 (2008).","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR32","first-page":"570","volume":"14","author":"G Westheimer","year":"1975","unstructured":"Westheimer, G. Editorial: Visual acuity and hyperacuity. Invest Ophthalmol 14, 570\u2013572 (1975).","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507062103","volume":"103","author":"M Bar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bar, M. et al. Top-down facilitation of visual recognition. P Nat Acad Sci USA 103, 449\u2013454 (2006).","journal-title":"P Nat Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.10.008","volume":"51","author":"M Lev","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lev, M. & Polat, U. Collinear facilitation and suppression at the periphery. Vision res 51, 2488\u20132498, 10.1016\/j.visres.2011.10.008 (2011).","journal-title":"Vision res"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(85)90207-X","volume":"25","author":"DM Levi","year":"1985","unstructured":"Levi, D. M., Klein, S. A. & Aitsebaomo, A. P. Vernier acuity, crowding and cortical magnification. Vision res 25, 963\u2013977 (1985).","journal-title":"Vision res"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1167\/12.9.333","volume":"12","author":"M Lev","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lev, M. & Polat, U. When masking is like crowding. J Vis 12, 333, 10.1167\/12.9.333 http:\/\/www.journalofvision.org\/content\/12\/9\/333.abstract?sid=7d3f1e40-d6d3-42bf-986b-83777a38128b (2012).","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8135","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.18.8135","volume":"92","author":"R Malach","year":"1995","unstructured":"Malach, R. et al. Object-related activity revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging in human occipital cortex. P Nat Acad Sci USA 92, 8135\u20138139 (1995).","journal-title":"P Nat Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFsrep04067_CR38","unstructured":"Yehezkel, O., Sterkin, A., Lev, M. & Polat, U. Digital precise remote near visual acuity evaluation using mobile devices. Ass Res Vis and Ophthal (2013). http:\/\/www.arvo.org\/webs\/am2013\/abstract\/sessions\/128.pdf."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep04067.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep04067","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep04067.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T08:21:31Z","timestamp":1672993291000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep04067"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,17]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep04067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep04067","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 May 2013","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 January 2014","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2014","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Dr U.P. work has been funded by Glassesoff Inc. He has received compensation as consultant and a member of the scientific advisory board and owns stock in the company. O.Y. work has been funded by Glassesoff Inc. as employee and owns company options as employee. M.L. declares no competing financial interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4067"}}