{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:51:48Z","timestamp":1791309108999,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]],"date-time":"2014-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393286400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]],"date-time":"2014-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/srep04172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]],"date-time":"2014-02-25T05:08:52Z","timestamp":1393304932000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":437,"title":["Mineral dust and NOx promote the conversion of SO2 to sulfate in heavy pollution days"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuesi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingxin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinzhu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biwu","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiqian","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiming","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-012-1188-7","volume":"29","author":"JZ Ma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ma, J. Z., Xu, X. B., Zhao, C. S. & Yan, P. A review of atmospheric chemistry research in China: Photochemical smog, haze pollution and gas-aerosol interactions. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 29, 1006\u20131026 (2012).","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5685","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-5685-2013","volume":"13","author":"XJ Zhao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhao, X. J. et al. Analysis of a winter regional haze event and its formation mechanism in the North China Plain. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 5685\u20135696 (2013).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4501","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-4501-2013","volume":"13","author":"XG Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu, X. G. et al. Formation and evolution mechanism of regional haze: a case study in the megacity Beijing, China. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 4501\u20134514 (2013).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR4","unstructured":"Liu, S. Interpretation from the Ministry of environmental protection experts: how to calculate the area of 1.3 million square kilometers of haze, <http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/tech\/2013-01\/31\/c_114561626.htm> (2013-01-31)."},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(91)90008-U","volume":"25","author":"M Luria","year":"1991","unstructured":"Luria, M. & Sievering, H. Heterogeneous and homogeneous oxidation of SO2 in the remote marine atmosphere. Atmos. Environ. 25, 1489\u20131496 (1991).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5315.1052","volume":"276","author":"M Andreae","year":"1997","unstructured":"Andreae, M. & Crutzen, P. Atmospheric aerosols: Biogeochemical sources and role in atmospheric chemistry. Science 276, 1052\u20131058 (1997).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1085374","volume":"301","author":"A Laskin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Laskin, A. et al. Reactions at interfaces as a source of sulfate formation in sea-salt particles. Science 301, 340\u2013344 (2003).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/359712a0","volume":"359","author":"J Langner","year":"1992","unstructured":"Langner, J., Rodhe, H., Crutzen, P. & Zimmermann, P. Anthropogenic influence on the distribution of tropospheric sulphate aerosol. Nature 359, 712\u2013716 (1992).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3737","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD03084","volume":"102","author":"P Kasibhatla","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kasibhatla, P., Chameides, W. & John, J. S. A three-dimensional global model investigation of seasonal variations in the atmospheric burden of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols. J. Geophys. Res.- Atmos. 102, 3737\u20133759 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.- Atmos."},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR10","first-page":"615","volume":"53","author":"LA Barrie","year":"2001","unstructured":"Barrie, L. A. et al. A comparison of large-scale atmospheric sulphate aerosol models (COSAM): Overview and highlights. Tellus B 53, 615\u2013645 (2001).","journal-title":"Tellus B"},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D19310","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003948","volume":"109","author":"TF Berglen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Berglen, T. F., Berntsen, T. K., Isaksen, I. S. A. & Sundet, J. K. A global model of the coupled sulfur\/oxidant chemistry in the troposphere: The sulfur cycle. J. Geophys. Res.- Atmos. 109, D19310 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.- Atmos."},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seinfeld, J. H. & Pandis, S. N. Atmospheric chemistry and physics: From air pollution to climate change. (John Wiley: New York, 1998).","DOI":"10.1063\/1.882420"},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.11.036","volume":"68","author":"G Sarwar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sarwar, G. et al. Potential impacts of two SO2 oxidation pathways on regional sulfate concentrations: aqueous-phase oxidation by NO2 and gas-phase oxidation by Stabilized Criegee Intermediates. Atmos. Environ. 68, 186\u2013197 (2013).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1021\/cr2001756","volume":"112","author":"R Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang, R. et al. Nucleation and growth of nanoparticles in the atmosphere. Chem. Rev. 112, 1957\u20132011 (2012).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1230911","volume":"340","author":"E Harris","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harris, E. et al. Enhanced Role of Transition Metal Ion Catalysis During In-Cloud Oxidation of SO2 . Science 340, 727\u2013730 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11278","volume":"488","author":"RL Mauldin III","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mauldin III, R. L. et al. A new atmospherically relevant oxidant of sulphur dioxide. Nature 488, 193\u2013196 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/35003550","volume":"404","author":"M Kulmala","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kulmala, M., Pirjola, L. & M\u00e4kel\u00e4, J. Stable sulphate clusters as a source of new atmospheric particles. Nature 404, 66\u201369 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090848","volume":"302","author":"M Kulmala","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kulmala, M. How particles nucleate and grow. Science 302, 1000 (2003).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8032","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JE001864","volume":"108","author":"X Zhang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Characterization of soil dust aerosol in China and its transport and distribution during 2001 ACE-Asia 1. Network observations. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 8032\u20138039 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1213-2007","volume":"7","author":"R Sullivan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sullivan, R., Guazzotti, S., Sodeman, D. & Prather, K. Direct observations of the atmospheric processing of Asian mineral dust. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 1213\u20131236 (2007).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-3999-2010","volume":"10","author":"TD Fairlie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fairlie, T. D. et al. Impact of mineral dust on nitrate, sulfate and ozone in transpacific Asian pollution plumes. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 3999\u20134012 (2010).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4883","DOI":"10.1021\/cr020657y","volume":"103","author":"CR Usher","year":"2003","unstructured":"Usher, C. R., Michel, A. E. & Grassian, V. H. Reactions on mineral dust. Chem. Rev. 103, 4883\u20134940 (2003).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6630","DOI":"10.1021\/jp802025z","volume":"112","author":"QX Ma","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ma, Q. X., Liu, Y. C. & He, H. Synergistic effect between NO2 and SO2 in their adsorption and reaction on gamma-alumina. J. Phys. Chem. A 112, 6630\u20136635 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1039\/C1CP22217A","volume":"14","author":"C Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu, C. et al. Synergistic reaction between SO2 and NO2 on mineral oxides: a potential formation pathway of sulfate aerosol. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 14, 1668\u20131676 (2012).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50491a016","volume":"42","author":"EM Jones","year":"1950","unstructured":"Jones, E. M. Chamber process manufacture of sulfuric acid. Ind. Eng. Chem. 42, 2208\u20132210 (1950).","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(09)60145-5","volume":"22","author":"QX Ma","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ma, Q. X., He, H. & Liu, Y. C. In situ DRIFTS study of hygroscopic behavior of mineral aerosol. J. Environ. Sci. 22, 555\u2013560 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/360571a0","volume":"360","author":"H Sievering","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sievering, H. et al. Removal of sulphur from the marine boundary layer by ozone oxidatiion in sea-salt aerosols. Nature 360, 571\u2013573 (1992).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-013-4773-4","volume":"57","author":"Y Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Mechanism for the formation of the January 2013 heavy haze pollution episode over central and eastern China. Sci. China Earth. Sci. 57, 14\u201325 (2014).","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth. Sci."},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20842","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1212297109","volume":"109","author":"Y Dupart","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dupart, Y. et al. Mineral dust photochemistry induces nucleation events in the presence of SO2 . Proceed. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109, 20842\u201320847 (2012).","journal-title":"Proceed. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR30","unstructured":"Authority, G. L. 50 Years on: The Struggle for Air Quality in London Since the Great Smog of December 1952. (Greater London Authority, 2002)."},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.03.006","volume":"55","author":"B Chu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chu, B. et al. The remarkable effect of FeSO4 seed aerosols on secondary organic aerosol formation from photooxidation of \u03b1-pinene\/NOx and toluene\/NOx. Atmos. Environ. 55, 26\u201334 (2012).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.05.064","volume":"77","author":"C Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu, C. et al. Effect of mineral dust on secondary organic aerosol yield and aerosol size in \u03b1-pinene\/NOx photo-oxidation. Atmos. Environ. 77, 781\u2013789 (2013).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"BFsrep04172_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2011.560211","volume":"45","author":"NL Ng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ng, N. L. et al. An Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) for routine monitoring of the composition and mass concentrations of ambient aerosol. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 45, 770\u2013784 (2011).","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/srep06092","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,14]],"date-time":"2014-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407974400000}}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep04172.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep04172","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep04172.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T03:57:00Z","timestamp":1672977420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep04172"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,17]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep04172"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep04172","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 November 2013","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2014","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2014","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2014","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A correction has been published and is appended to both the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4172"}}