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Prenatal factors affecting fetal growth are believed important, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. The influence of developmental programming on bronchial hyperreactivity is investigated in an animal model and evidence for comparable associations is sought in humans. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed either control or protein-restricted diets throughout pregnancy. Bronchoconstrictor responses were recorded from offspring bronchial segments. Morphometric analysis of paraffin-embedded lung sections was conducted. In a human mother-child cohort ultrasound measurements of fetal growth were related to bronchial hyperreactivity, measured at age six years using methacholine. Protein-restricted rats' offspring demonstrated greater bronchoconstriction than controls. Airway structure was not altered. Children with lesser abdominal circumference growth during 11\u201319 weeks' gestation had greater bronchial hyperreactivity than those with more rapid abdominal growth. Imbalanced maternal nutrition during pregnancy results in offspring bronchial hyperreactivity. Prenatal environmental influences might play a comparable role in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,17]],"date-time":"2014-04-17T09:09:12Z","timestamp":1397725752000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Prenatal development is linked to bronchial reactivity: epidemiological and animal model evidence"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Katharine C.","family":"Pike","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shelley A.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel A.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane S. 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He is part of an academic consortium that has received research funding from Abbott Nutrition, Nestec and Danone. PHMK has received PhD funding from the Gerald Kerkut Charitable Trust and travel support from the Physiological society. H.M.I. has received funding from Bayer plc for a statistical consultancy and also has grants pending with the Heart Foundation and Asthma Research UK. John Holloway has received support for a PhD studentship for SAD from the Medical Research Council. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interests to declare.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4705"}}