{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:26:02Z","timestamp":1791246362990,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,6]],"date-time":"2014-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399334400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,6]],"date-time":"2014-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Periodontitis has been implicated as a risk factor for metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerotic vascular diseases and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Although bacteremias from dental plaque and\/or elevated circulating inflammatory cytokines emanating from the inflamed gingiva are suspected mechanisms linking periodontitis and these diseases, direct evidence is lacking. We hypothesize that disturbances of the gut microbiota by swallowed bacteria induce a metabolic endotoxemia leading metabolic disorders. To investigate this hypothesis, changes in the gut microbiota, insulin and glucose intolerance and levels of tissue inflammation were analysed in mice after oral administration of\n                    <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a representative periodontopathogens. Pyrosequencing revealed that the population belonging to Bacteroidales was significantly elevated in\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    -administered mice which coincided with increases in insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. In\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    -administered mice blood endotoxin levels tended to be higher, whereas gene expression of tight junction proteins in the ileum was significantly decreased. These results provide a new paradigm for the interrelationship between periodontitis and systemic diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,6]],"date-time":"2014-05-06T05:15:05Z","timestamp":1399353305000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":523,"title":["Oral pathobiont induces systemic inflammation and metabolic changes associated with alteration of gut microbiota"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Kei","family":"Arimatsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitomi","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruna","family":"Miyazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayoshi","family":"Minagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayuka","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark I.","family":"Ryder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuyoshi","family":"Gotoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Motooka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shota","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Iida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhisa","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2005.76.12.2187","volume":"76","author":"PE Petersen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Petersen, P. E. & Ogawa, H. Strengthening the prevention of periodontal disease: the WHO approach. J Periodontol. 76, 2187\u20132193 (2005).","journal-title":"J Periodontol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.06.037","volume":"154","author":"AA Bahekar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bahekar, A. A., Singh, S., Saha, S., Molnar, J. & Arora, R. The prevalence and incidence of coronary heart disease is significantly increased in periodontitis: a meta-analysis. Am Heart J. 154, 830\u2013837 (2007).","journal-title":"Am Heart J."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-008-0787-6","volume":"23","author":"LL Humphrey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Humphrey, L. L., Fu, R., Buckley, D. I., Freeman, M. & Helfand, M. Periodontal disease and coronary heart disease incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 23, 2079\u20132086 (2008).","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR4","first-page":"107","volume":"7","author":"NG Ch\u00e1varry","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ch\u00e1varry, N. G., Vettore, M. V., Sansone, C. & Sheiham, A. The relationship between diabetes mellitus and destructive periodontal disease: a meta-analysis. Oral Health Prev Dent. 7, 107\u2013127 (2009).","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2008.01282.x","volume":"35","author":"GE Salvi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Salvi, G. E., Carollo-Bittel, B. & Lang, N. P. Effects of diabetes mellitus on periodontal and peri-implant conditions: update on associations and risks. J Clin Periodontol. 35, 398\u2013409 (2008).","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-12-16","volume":"12","author":"M Yoneda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yoneda, M. et al. Involvement of a periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis on the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 12, 16 (2012).","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2012.02579.x","volume":"333","author":"N Bostanci","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bostanci, N. & Belibasakis, G. N. Porphyromonas gingivalis: an invasive and evasive opportunistic oral pathogen. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 333, 1\u20139 (2012).","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2011.01784.x","volume":"39","author":"I Tom\u00e1s","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tom\u00e1s, I., Diz, P., Tob\u00edas, A., Scully, C. & Donos, N. Periodontal health status and bacteraemia from daily oral activities: systematic review\/meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 39, 213\u2013228 (2012).","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2010.01671.x","volume":"38 Suppl 11","author":"PM Preshaw","year":"2011","unstructured":"Preshaw, P. M. & Taylor, J. J. How has research into cytokine interactions and their role in driving immune responses impacted our understanding of periodontitis? J Clin Periodontol. 38 Suppl 11, 60\u201384 (2011).","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2007.01173.x","volume":"35","author":"S Paraskevas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Paraskevas, S., Huizinga, J. D. & Loos, B. G. A systematic review and meta-analyses on C-reactive protein in relation to periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 35, 277\u2013290 (2008).","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2003.00282.x","volume":"30","author":"M Ide","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ide, M. et al. Effect of treatment of chronic periodontitis on levels of serum markers of acute-phase inflammatory and vascular responses. J Clin Periodontol. 30, 334\u2013340 (2003).","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2000.71.10.1528","volume":"71","author":"BG Loos","year":"2000","unstructured":"Loos, B. G., Craandijk, J., Hoek, F. J., Wertheim-van Dillen, P. M. & van der Velden, U. Elevation of systemic markers related to cardiovascular diseases in the peripheral blood of periodontitis patients. J Periodontol. 71, 1528\u20131534 (2000).","journal-title":"J Periodontol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR13","first-page":"S51","volume":"40 Suppl 14","author":"HA Schenkein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schenkein, H. A. & Loos, B. G. Inflammatory mechanisms linking periodontal diseases to cardiovascular diseases. J Clin Periodontol. 40 Suppl 14, S51\u201369 (2013).","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20240","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020240","volume":"6","author":"T Maekawa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maekawa, T. et al. Chronic oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis accelerates atheroma formation by shifting the lipid profile. PLoS One 6, e20240 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.2.461S","volume":"83","author":"AS Greenberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Greenberg, A. S. & Obin, M. S. Obesity and the role of adipose tissue in inflammation and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 83, 461S\u2013465S (2006).","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1210","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00015.2009","volume":"296","author":"DE Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee, D. E., Kehlenbrink, S., Lee, H., Hawkins, M. & Yudkin, J. S. Getting the message across: mechanisms of physiological cross talk by adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 296, E1210\u20131229 (2009).","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.7.1935S","volume":"136","author":"P Trayhurn","year":"2006","unstructured":"Trayhurn, P., Bing, C. & Wood, I. S. Adipose tissue and adipokines--energy regulation from the human perspective. J Nutr. 136, 1935S\u20131939S (2006).","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2921","volume":"11","author":"N Ouchi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ouchi, N., Parker, J. L., Lugus, J. J. & Walsh, K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 11, 85\u201397 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199808133390717","volume":"339","author":"T Saito","year":"1998","unstructured":"Saito, T., Shimazaki, Y. & Sakamoto, M. Obesity and periodontitis. N Engl J Med. 339, 482\u2013483 (1998).","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR20","first-page":"34","volume":"7","author":"M Alabdulkarim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alabdulkarim, M., Bissada, N., Al-Zahrani, M., Ficara, A. & Siegel, B. Alveolar bone loss in obese subjects. J Int Acad Periodontol. 7, 34\u201338 (2005).","journal-title":"J Int Acad Periodontol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2003.74.5.610","volume":"74","author":"MS Al-Zahrani","year":"2003","unstructured":"Al-Zahrani, M. S., Bissada, N. F. & Borawski, E. A. Obesity and periodontal disease in young, middle-aged and older adults. J Periodontol. 74, 610\u2013615 (2003).","journal-title":"J Periodontol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2003.09.016","volume":"24","author":"K Buhlin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Buhlin, K., Gustafsson, A., Pockley, A. G., Frosteg\u00e5rd, J. & Klinge, B. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with periodontitis. Eur Heart J. 24, 2099\u20132107 (2003).","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2005.76.4.558","volume":"76","author":"K Torrungruang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Torrungruang, K. et al. Risk indicators of periodontal disease in older Thai adults. J Periodontol. 76, 558\u2013565 (2005).","journal-title":"J Periodontol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319246","volume":"112","author":"SP Weisberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Weisberg, S. P. et al. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest. 112, 1796\u20131808 (2003).","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319451","volume":"112","author":"H Xu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Xu, H. et al. Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 112, 1821\u20131830 (2003).","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7678183","volume":"259","author":"GS Hotamisligil","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hotamisligil, G. S., Shargill, N. S. & Spiegelman, B. M. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 259, 87\u201391 (1993).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2004.00772.x","volume":"40","author":"K Yamazaki","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yamazaki, K. et al. Effect of periodontal treatment on the C-reactive protein and proinflammatory cytokine levels in Japanese periodontitis patients. J Periodontal Res. 40, 53\u201358 (2005).","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.070501","volume":"79","author":"N Pischon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pischon, N. et al. Association among rheumatoid arthritis, oral hygiene and periodontitis. J Periodontol. 79, 979\u2013986 (2008).","journal-title":"J Periodontol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.02.038","volume":"57","author":"HE Bays","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bays, H. E. Adiposopathy is \u201csick fat\u201d a cardiovascular disease? J Am Coll Cardiol. 57, 2461\u20132473 (2011).","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2004.06.005","volume":"22","author":"GA Mensah","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mensah, G. A. et al. Obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: emerging epidemics and their cardiovascular implications. Cardiol Clin. 22, 485\u2013504 (2004).","journal-title":"Cardiol Clin."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR31","first-page":"73","volume":"15","author":"J Conde","year":"2013","unstructured":"Conde, J. et al. Adipokines: novel players in rheumatic diseases. Discov Med. 15, 73\u201383 (2013).","journal-title":"Discov Med."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28898","volume":"116","author":"H Shi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shi, H. et al. TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 116, 3015\u20133025 (2006).","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000251608.09329.9a","volume":"27","author":"T Suganami","year":"2007","unstructured":"Suganami, T. et al. Role of the Toll-like receptor 4\/NF-\u03baB pathway in saturated fatty acid-induced inflammatory changes in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 27, 84\u201391 (2007).","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1403","volume":"57","author":"PD Cani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cani, P. D. et al. Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. Diabetes 57, 1470\u20131481 (2008).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR35","first-page":"e20","volume":"100","author":"SE Epstein","year":"1999","unstructured":"Epstein, S. E., Zhou, Y. F. & Zhu, J. Infection and atherosclerosis: emerging mechanistic paradigms. Circulation 100, e20\u201328 (1999).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0765.2001.00011.x","volume":"36","author":"PP Hujoel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hujoel, P. P., White, B. A., Garc\u00eda, R. I. & Listgarten, M. A. The dentogingival epithelial surface area revisited. J Periodontal Res. 36, 48\u201355 (2001).","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2008.01221.x","volume":"35","author":"MK Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee, M. K., Ide, M., Coward, P. Y. & Wilson, R. F. Effect of ultrasonic debridement using a chlorhexidine irrigant on circulating levels of lipopolysaccharides and interleukin-6. J Clin Periodontol. 35, 415\u2013419 (2008).","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(92)90096-9","volume":"73","author":"FM Lucartorto","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lucartorto, F. M., Franker, C. K. & Maza, J. Postscaling bacteremia in HIV-associated gingivitis and periodontitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 73, 550\u2013554 (1992).","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2266","volume":"3","author":"FH Karlsson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karlsson, F. H. et al. Symptomatic atherosclerosis is associated with an altered gut metagenome. Nat Commun. 3, 1245 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3145","volume":"19","author":"RA Koeth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koeth, R. A. et al. Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nat Med. 19, 576\u2013585 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11450","volume":"490","author":"J Qin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Qin, J. et al. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490, 55\u201360 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2013.05.009","volume":"24","author":"AR Moschen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moschen, A. R., Kaser, S. & Tilg, H. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a microbiota-driven disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 24, 537\u2013545 (2013).","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2011.121","volume":"7","author":"JU Scher","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scher, J. U. & Abramson, S. B. The microbiome and rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 7, 569\u2013578 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48220","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048220","volume":"7","author":"V Blasco-Baque","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blasco-Baque, V. et al. High-fat diet induces periodontitis in mice through lipopolysaccharides (LPS) receptor signaling: protective action of estrogens. PLoS One 7, e48220 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2013.03.006","volume":"58","author":"J Cavagni","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cavagni, J. et al. Obesity may increase the occurrence of spontaneous periodontal disease in Wistar rats. Arch Oral Biol. 58, 1034\u20131039 (2013).","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2007.060078","volume":"78","author":"K Boutaga","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boutaga, K., Savelkoul, P. H., Winkel, E. G. & van Winkelhoff, A. J. Comparison of subgingival bacterial sampling with oral lavage for detection and quantification of periodontal pathogens by real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Periodontol. 78, 79\u201386 (2007).","journal-title":"J Periodontol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2010.01335.x","volume":"46","author":"I Saygun","year":"2011","unstructured":"Saygun, I. et al. Salivary infectious agents and periodontal disease status. J Periodontal Res. 46, 235\u2013239 (2011).","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345950740111201","volume":"74","author":"B von Troil-Lind\u00e9n","year":"1995","unstructured":"von Troil-Lind\u00e9n, B., Torkko, H., Alaluusua, S., Jousimies-Somer, H. & Asikainen, S. Salivary levels of suspected periodontal pathogens in relation to periodontal status and treatment. J Dent Res. 74, 1789\u20131795 (1995).","journal-title":"J Dent Res."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4592","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011383107","volume":"108 Suppl 1","author":"O Koren","year":"2011","unstructured":"Koren, O. et al. Human oral, gut and plaque microbiota in patients with atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 108 Suppl 1, 4592\u20134598 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175285","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/175285","volume":"2008","author":"PW O'Toole","year":"2008","unstructured":"O'Toole, P. W. & Cooney, J. C. Probiotic bacteria influence the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2008, 175285 (2008).","journal-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11070","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504978102","volume":"102","author":"RE Ley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ley, R. E. et al. Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102, 11070\u201311075 (2005).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.02.015","volume":"3","author":"PJ Turnbaugh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Turnbaugh, P. J., B\u00e4ckhed, F., Fulton, L. & Gordon, J. I. Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome. Cell Host Microbe. 3, 213\u2013223 (2008).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2449","volume":"8","author":"GS Hotamisligil","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hotamisligil, G. S. & Erbay, E. Nutrient sensing and inflammation in metabolic diseases. Nat Rev Immunol. 8, 923\u2013934 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9085","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009085","volume":"5","author":"N Larsen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Larsen, N. et al. Gut microbiota in human adults with type 2 diabetes differs from non-diabetic adults. PLoS One 5, e9085 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10809","volume":"482","author":"J Henao-Mejia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Henao-Mejia, J. et al. Inflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity. Nature 482, 179\u2013185 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32791","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.401737","volume":"287","author":"DJ Taxman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Taxman, D. J. et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis mediates inflammasome repression in polymicrobial cultures through a novel mechanism involving reduced endocytosis. J Biol Chem. 287, 32791\u201332799 (2012).","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7003","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220180110","volume":"110","author":"K Kaliannan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kaliannan, K. et al. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase prevents metabolic syndrome in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110, 7003\u20137008 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(94)90055-8","volume":"39","author":"PJ Baker","year":"1994","unstructured":"Baker, P. J., Evans, R. T. & Roopenian, D. C. Oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis and induced alveolar bone loss in immunocompetent and severe combined immunodeficient mice. Arch Oral Biol. 39, 1035\u20131040 (1994).","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1996.tb00180.x","volume":"11","author":"A Ashimoto","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ashimoto, A., Chen, C., Bakker, I. & Slots, J. Polymerase chain reaction detection of 8 putative periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque of gingivitis and advanced periodontitis lesions. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 11, 266\u2013273 (1996).","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol."},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2836","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002836","volume":"3","author":"AF Andersson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Andersson, A. F. et al. Comparative analysis of human gut microbiota by barcoded pyrosequencing. PLoS One 3, e2836 (2008).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","volume":"7","author":"JG Caporaso","year":"2010","unstructured":"Caporaso, J. G. et al. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nat Methods 7, 335\u2013336 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"BFsrep04828_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.05.003","volume":"179","author":"R Sulniute","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sulniute, R., Lindh, T., Wilczynska, M., Li, J. & Ny, T. Plasmin is essential in preventing periodontitis in mice. Am J Pathol. 179, 819\u2013828 (2011).","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep04828.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep04828","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep04828.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T03:06:55Z","timestamp":1672974415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep04828"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,6]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,17]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep04828"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep04828","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 January 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2014","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2014","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4828"}}