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Cells may also respond to tissue damage by sensing damage-associated molecules. Postpartum bacterial infections of the bovine uterus cause endometritis but the risk of disease is increased by tissue trauma triggered by dystocia. Animals that suffered dystocia had increased concentrations of inflammatory mediators IL-8, IL-1\u03b2 and IL-1\u03b1 in vaginal mucus 3 weeks postpartum, but they also had more bacteria than normal animals. <jats:italic>Ex vivo<\/jats:italic> organ cultures of endometrium, endometrial cells and peripheral blood monocytes did not generate inflammatory responses to prototypical damage molecules, HMGB1 or hyaluronan, or to necrotic cells; although they secreted IL-6 and IL-8 in a concentration-dependent manner when treated with IL-1\u03b1. However, necrotic endometrial cells did not accumulate intracellular IL-1\u03b1 or release IL-1\u03b1, except when pre-treated with lipopolysaccharide or bacteria. Endometrial cell inflammatory responses to IL-1\u03b1 were dependent on the cognate receptor IL-1R1 and the receptor adaptor protein MyD88 and the inflammatory response to IL-1\u03b1 was independent of the response to lipopolysaccharide. Rather than a typical damage-associated molecule, IL-1\u03b1 acts to scale the inflammatory response in recognition that there is a combination of pathogen challenge followed by endometrial cell damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,14]],"date-time":"2014-11-14T10:04:30Z","timestamp":1415959470000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Endometrial cells sense and react to tissue damage during infection of the bovine endometrium via interleukin 1"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Laura L.","family":"Healy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James G.","family":"Cronin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I. 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