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In addition, these patients also suffered from a low grade inflammation that activates the immune system and thus increased shunting of energy to host defense mechanisms. To assess whether a<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>infection could affect growth in early life, we determined the expression levels of selected metabolic gut hormones in germ free (GF) and specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice with and without the presence of<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>. Despite<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>-infected (SPFH) mice display alteration in host metabolism (elevated levels of leptin, insulin and peptide YY) compared to non-infected SPF mice, their growth curves remained the same. SPFH mice also displayed increased level of eotaxin-1. Interestingly, GF mice infected with<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>(GFH) also displayed increased levels of ghrelin and PYY. However, in contrast to SPFH mice, GFH showed reduced weight gain and malnutrition. These preliminary findings show that exposure to<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>alters host metabolism early in life; but the commensal microbiota in SPF mice can attenuate the growth retarding effect from<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>observed in GF mice. Further investigations of possible additional side effects of<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>are highly warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,4]],"date-time":"2015-03-04T10:45:33Z","timestamp":1425465933000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Helicobacter pylori infection can affect energy modulating hormones and body weight in germ free mice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Yalda","family":"Khosravi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih Wee","family":"Seow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlaine Anne","family":"Amoyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kher Hsin","family":"Chiow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuan Lin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Whye Yen","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian Hui","family":"Poh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignatius Mario Doli","family":"Sentosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph M.","family":"Bunte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Pettersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mun Fai","family":"Loke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamuna","family":"Vadivelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep08731_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821","volume":"464","author":"J Qin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Qin, J. et al. 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