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Transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGF-\u03b23) is closely related to chondrogenic differentiation and might participate in pathogenesis of SC. We discovered that increased quantity of synoviocytes and blood vessels were observed in SC synovium. The vessel wall and sublining fibroblasts were stained positively by the antibodies against TGF-\u03b23, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) and CD34. In loose bodies (LBs), TGF-\u03b23 was mainly expressed in chondrocytes and FGF-2 was expressed in chondrocytes, fibroblasts and vessel walls. Expressions of <jats:italic>TGF-\u03b21<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TGF-\u03b23<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>FGF-2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Sox9<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Wnt-4<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Foxc2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>VEGF-A<\/jats:italic> mRNA were significantly higher in SC synovium. Stimulation of TGF-\u03b23 on synoviocytes increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and expressions of chondrogenic genes (<jats:italic>Sox9<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Col2\u03b11<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Aggrecan<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Wnt-4<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Wnt-11<\/jats:italic>), osteogenic genes (<jats:italic>Runx2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Foxc2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>osteocalcin<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Col1\u03b11<\/jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>VEGF-A<\/jats:italic>, but failed to influence <jats:italic>FGF-2<\/jats:italic> expression. However, the addition of FGF-2 increased <jats:italic>TGF-\u03b23<\/jats:italic> expression. In conclusion, TGF-\u03b23 existed in synovium and LBs of SC and was responsible for the pathogenesis of SC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,6]],"date-time":"2015-03-06T10:26:51Z","timestamp":1425637611000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Transforming growth factor beta 3 involved in the pathogenesis of synovial chondromatosis of temporomandibular joint"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Yingjie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loaye Abdelaziz","family":"El.Mozen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengxing","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinggong","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohong","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep08843_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2003.12.009","volume":"49","author":"I Tojyo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tojyo, I., Yamaguti, A., Ozaki, H., Yoshida, H. & Fujita, S. 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