{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T13:48:27Z","timestamp":1784641707754,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,25]],"date-time":"2015-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427241600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,25]],"date-time":"2015-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neuromodulation is an increasingly accepted treatment for neurological and psychiatric disorders but is limited by its invasiveness or its inability to target deep brain structures using noninvasive techniques. We propose a new concept called Multimodal Synchronization Therapy (mSync) for achieving targeted activation of the brain via noninvasive and precisely timed activation of auditory, visual, somatosensory, motor, cognitive and limbic pathways. In this initial study in guinea pigs, we investigated mSync using combined activation of just the auditory and somatosensory pathways, which induced differential and timing dependent plasticity in neural firing within deep brain and cortical regions of the auditory system. Furthermore, by varying the location of somatosensory stimulation across the body, we increased or decreased spiking activity across different neurons. These encouraging results demonstrate the feasibility of systematically modulating the brain using mSync. Considering that hearing disorders such as tinnitus and hyperacusis have been linked to abnormal and hyperactive firing patterns within the auditory system, these results open up the possibility for using mSync to decrease this pathological activity by varying stimulation parameters. Incorporating multiple types of pathways beyond just auditory and somatosensory inputs and using other activation patterns may enable treatment of various brain disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,25]],"date-time":"2015-03-25T10:03:44Z","timestamp":1427277824000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Investigating a new neuromodulation treatment for brain disorders using synchronized activation of multimodal pathways"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Craig D.","family":"Markovitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin T.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cory D.","family":"Gloeckner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubert H.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2013.2244890","volume":"60","author":"MD Johnson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Johnson, M. D. et al. Neuromodulation for brain disorders: challenges and opportunities. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 60, 610\u2013624, 10.1109\/TBME.2013.2244890 (2013).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.260","volume":"68","author":"JM Bronstein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bronstein, J. M. et al. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: an expert consensus and review of key issues. Arch Neurol 68, 165, 10.1001\/archneurol.2010.260 (2011).","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00447.x","volume":"15","author":"S Vanneste","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vanneste, S. & De Ridder, D. Noninvasive and invasive neuromodulation for the treatment of tinnitus: an overview. Neuromodulation: journal of the International Neuromodulation Society 15, 350\u2013360, 10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00447.x (2012).","journal-title":"Neuromodulation: journal of the International Neuromodulation Society"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.06.007","volume":"169","author":"SW Cheung","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cheung, S. W. & Larson, P. S. Tinnitus modulation by deep brain stimulation in locus of caudate neurons (area LC). Neuroscience 169, 1768\u20131778, 10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.06.007 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2012.05.007","volume":"295","author":"J Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang, J. Auditory cortex stimulation to suppress tinnitus: mechanisms and strategies. Hear Res 295, 38\u201357 (2013).","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S290","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20962","volume":"21 Suppl 14","author":"G Kleiner-Fisman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kleiner-Fisman, G. et al. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation: summary and meta-analysis of outcomes. Mov Disord 21 Suppl 14, S290\u2013304, 10.1002\/mds.20962 (2006).","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10481","volume":"18","author":"E McIntosh","year":"2003","unstructured":"McIntosh, E., Gray, A. & Aziz, T. Estimating the costs of surgical innovations: the case for subthalamic nucleus stimulation in the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 18, 993\u2013999, 10.1002\/mds.10481 (2003).","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR8","first-page":"235","volume-title":"Neuromethods","author":"J Horvath","year":"2014","unstructured":"Horvath, J., Najib, U. & Press, D. in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Vol. 89 Neuromethods (eds Alexander Rotenberg, Jared Cooney Horvath, & Alvaro Pascual-Leone) Ch. 12, 235\u2013257 (Springer New York, 2014)."},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-2011-0618","volume":"29","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. & Paulus, W. Transcranial direct current stimulation--update 2011. Restorative neurology and neuroscience 29, 463\u2013492, 10.3233\/RNN-2011-0618 (2011).","journal-title":"Restorative neurology and neuroscience"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray, M. M. & Wallace, M. T. The neural bases of multisensory processes. (CRC Press, 2011).","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439812174"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp135","volume":"132","author":"VS Ramachandran","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ramachandran, V. S. & Altschuler, E. L. The use of visual feedback, in particular mirror visual feedback, in restoring brain function. Brain 132, 1693\u20131710, 10.1093\/brain\/awp135 (2009).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2012.00096","volume":"6","author":"KG Gruters","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gruters, K. G. & Groh, J. M. Sounds and beyond: multisensory and other non-auditory signals in the inferior colliculus. Front Neural Circuits 6, 96, 10.3389\/fncir.2012.00096 (2012).","journal-title":"Front Neural Circuits"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc071927","volume":"357","author":"BL Chan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chan, B. L. et al. Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain. N Engl J Med 357, 2206\u20132207 (2007).","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318285c11a","volume":"80","author":"CM DeGiorgio","year":"2013","unstructured":"DeGiorgio, C. M. et al. Randomized controlled trial of trigeminal nerve stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy. Neurology 80, 786\u2013791 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2013.05.008","volume":"28","author":"IA Cook","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cook, I. A. et al. Trigeminal nerve stimulation in major depressive disorder: acute outcomes in an open pilot study. Epilepsy Behav 28, 221\u2013226 (2013).","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00005.2010","volume":"106","author":"MW Rogers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rogers, M. W. et al. Postural preparation prior to stepping in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurophysiol 106, 915\u2013924, 10.1152\/jn.00005.2010 (2011).","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR17","first-page":"785","volume":"19","author":"RJ Pinchoff","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pinchoff, R. J., Burkard, R. F., Salvi, R. J., Coad, M. L. & Lockwood, A. H. Modulation of tinnitus by voluntary jaw movements. Am J Otol 19, 785\u2013789 (1998).","journal-title":"Am J Otol"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1095895","volume":"29","author":"R Simmons","year":"2008","unstructured":"Simmons, R., Dambra, C., Lobarinas, E., Stocking, C. & Salvi, R. Head, Neck and Eye Movements That Modulate Tinnitus. Seminars in hearing 29, 361\u2013370, 10.1055\/s-0028-1095895 (2008).","journal-title":"Seminars in hearing"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00f8ller, A. R., Langguth, B., DeRidder, D. & Kleinjung, T. Textbook of tinnitus. (Springer Science+Business Media., 2011).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-145-5"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.25.1.2","volume":"25","author":"JA Henry","year":"2014","unstructured":"Henry, J. A., Roberts, L. E., Caspary, D. M., Theodoroff, S. M. & Salvi, R. J. Underlying mechanisms of tinnitus: review and clinical implications. J Am Acad Audiol 25, 5\u201322; 10.3766\/jaaa.25.1.2 (2014).","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00226.2010","volume":"104","author":"JW Gu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gu, J. W., Halpin, C. F., Nam, E. C., Levine, R. A. & Melcher, J. R. Tinnitus, diminished sound-level tolerance and elevated auditory activity in humans with clinically normal hearing sensitivity. J Neurophysiol 104, 3361\u20133370, 10.1152\/jn.00226.2010 (2010).","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.132100","volume":"16","author":"H Aazh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aazh, H. et al. Insights from the First International Conference on Hyperacusis: causes, evaluation, diagnosis and treatment. Noise & health 16, 123\u2013126, 10.4103\/1463-1741.132100 (2014).","journal-title":"Noise & health"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2010.12.003","volume":"276","author":"JA Kaltenbach","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kaltenbach, J. A. Tinnitus: Models and mechanisms. Hear Res 276, 52\u201360 (2011).","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/ark016","volume":"17","author":"GD Ruxton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ruxton, G. D. The unequal variance t-test is an underused alternative to Student's t-test and the Mann-Whitney U test. Behav Ecol 17, 688\u2013690, 10.1093\/beheco\/ark016 (2006).","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.09.030","volume":"134","author":"RL Folmer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Folmer, R. L. & Carroll, J. R. Long-term effectiveness of ear-level devices for tinnitus. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 134, 132\u2013137 (2006).","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.3109\/14992021003777267","volume":"49","author":"GD Searchfield","year":"2010","unstructured":"Searchfield, G. D., Kaur, M. & Martin, W. H. Hearing aids as an adjunct to counseling: tinnitus patients who choose amplification do better than those that don't. Int J Audiol 49, 574\u2013579, 10.3109\/14992021003777267 (2010).","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125639","volume":"31","author":"N Caporale","year":"2008","unstructured":"Caporale, N. & Dan, Y. Spike timing-dependent plasticity: a Hebbian learning rule. Annu Rev Neurosci 31, 25\u201346, 10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125639 (2008).","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00807.2010","volume":"105","author":"PO Kanold","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kanold, P. O., Davis, K. A. & Young, E. D. Somatosensory context alters auditory responses in the cochlear nucleus. J Neurophysiol 105, 1063\u20131070 (2011).","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(87)90662-7","volume":"400","author":"K Itoh","year":"1987","unstructured":"Itoh, K. et al. Direct projections from the dorsal column nuclei and the spinal trigeminal nuclei to the cochlear nuclei in the cat. Brain Res 400, 145\u2013150 (1987).","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR30","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Auditory Science: The Auditory Brain.","author":"DR Moore","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moore, D. R., Fuchs, P. A., Rees, A., Palmer, A. & Plack, C. J. The Oxford Handbook of Auditory Science: The Auditory Brain. Vol. 2 (Oxford University Press, 2010)."},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460\u20139568.2010.07547.x","volume":"33","author":"SD Koehler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Koehler, S. D., Pradhan, S., Manis, P. B. & Shore, S. E. Somatosensory inputs modify auditory spike timing in dorsal cochlear nucleus principal cells. Eur J Neurosci 33, 409\u2013420, 10.1111\/j.1460\u20139568.2010.07547.x (2011).","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.08.037","volume":"1485","author":"GJ Basura","year":"2012","unstructured":"Basura, G. J., Koehler, S. D. & Shore, S. E. Multi-sensory integration in brainstem and auditory cortex. Brain Res 1485, 95\u2013107 (2012).","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1159\/000096799","volume":"3","author":"MS Malmierca","year":"2004","unstructured":"Malmierca, M. S. The Inferior Colliculus: A Center for Convergence of Ascending and Descending Auditory Information. Neuroembryology and Aging 3, 215\u2013229 (2004).","journal-title":"Neuroembryology and Aging"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901960104","volume":"196","author":"LM Aitkin","year":"1981","unstructured":"Aitkin, L. M., Kenyon, C. E. & Philpott, P. The representation of the auditory and somatosensory systems in the external nucleus of the cat inferior colliculus. J Comp Neurol 196, 25\u201340, 10.1002\/cne.901960104 (1981).","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"066001","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/11\/6\/066001","volume":"11","author":"SJ Offutt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Offutt, S. J., Ryan, K. J., Konop, A. E. & Lim, H. H. Suppression and facilitation of auditory neurons through coordinated acoustic and midbrain stimulation: investigating a deep brain stimulator for tinnitus. Journal of neural engineering 11, 066001, 10.1088\/1741-2560\/11\/6\/066001 (2014).","journal-title":"Journal of neural engineering"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000637","volume":"137","author":"PH Jen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jen, P. H., Sun, X. & Chen, Q. C. An electrophysiological study of neural pathways for corticofugally inhibited neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus. Experimental brain research 137, 292\u2013302 (2001).","journal-title":"Experimental brain research"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.12.011","volume":"53","author":"P Lakatos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lakatos, P., Chen, C. M., O'Connell, M. N., Mills, A. & Schroeder, C. E. Neuronal oscillations and multisensory interaction in primary auditory cortex. Neuron 53, 279\u2013292 (2007).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7510","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-20-07510.2003","volume":"23","author":"KM Fu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fu, K. M. et al. Auditory cortical neurons respond to somatosensory stimulation. J Neurosci 23, 7510\u20137515 (2003).","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2331","volume":"9","author":"BE Stein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stein, B. E. & Stanford, T. R. Multisensory integration: current issues from the perspective of the single neuron. Nat Rev Neurosci 9, 255\u2013266 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02849-3","volume":"881","author":"JK Harting","year":"2000","unstructured":"Harting, J. K. & Van Lieshout, D. P. Projections from the rostral pole of the inferior colliculus to the cat superior colliculus. Brain Res 881, 244\u2013247 (2000).","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4290","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2000.01337.x","volume":"12","author":"TP Doubell","year":"2000","unstructured":"Doubell, T. P., Baron, J., Skaliora, I. & King, A. J. Topographical projection from the superior colliculus to the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus in the ferret: convergence of visual and auditory information. Eur J Neurosci 12, 4290\u20134308 (2000).","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59828","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059828","volume":"8","author":"SD Koehler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koehler, S. D. & Shore, S. E. Stimulus-timing dependent multisensory plasticity in the guinea pig dorsal cochlear nucleus. PloS one 8, e59828, 10.1371\/journal.pone.0059828 (2013).","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19647","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2788-13.2013","volume":"33","author":"SD Koehler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koehler, S. D. & Shore, S. E. Stimulus timing-dependent plasticity in dorsal cochlear nucleus is altered in tinnitus. J Neurosci 33, 19647\u201319656, 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2788-13.2013 (2013).","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1272","volume":"7","author":"T Tzounopoulos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tzounopoulos, T., Kim, Y., Oertel, D. & Trussell, L. O. Cell-specific, spike timing-dependent plasticities in the dorsal cochlear nucleus. Nat Neurosci 7, 719\u2013725, 10.1038\/nn1272 (2004).","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13629","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4429-08.2008","volume":"28","author":"JC Dahmen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dahmen, J. C., Hartley, D. E. & King, A. J. Stimulus-timing-dependent plasticity of cortical frequency representation. J Neurosci 28, 13629\u201313639, 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4429-08.2008 (2008).","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000426","volume":"133","author":"J Syka","year":"2000","unstructured":"Syka, J., Popelar, J., Kvasnak, E. & Astl, J. Response properties of neurons in the central nucleus and external and dorsal cortices of the inferior colliculus in guinea pig. Experimental brain research 133, 254\u2013266 (2000).","journal-title":"Experimental brain research"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s003590050145","volume":"181","author":"JR Mendelson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mendelson, J. R., Schreiner, C. E. & Sutter, M. L. Functional topography of cat primary auditory cortex: response latencies. J Comp Physiol [A] 181, 615\u2013633 (1997).","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol [A]"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.73.2.743","volume":"73","author":"ED Young","year":"1995","unstructured":"Young, E. D., Nelken, I. & Conley, R. A. Somatosensory effects on neurons in dorsal cochlear nucleus. J Neurophysiol 73, 743\u2013765 (1995).","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7848","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-19-07848.2001","volume":"21","author":"PO Kanold","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kanold, P. O. & Young, E. D. Proprioceptive information from the pinna provides somatosensory input to cat dorsal cochlear nucleus. J Neurosci 21, 7848\u20137858 (2001).","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219635203000263","volume":"2","author":"M Tyler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tyler, M., Danilov, Y. & Bach, Y. R. P. Closing an open-loop control system: vestibular substitution through the tongue. J Integr Neurosci 2, 159\u2013164 (2003).","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/08990220903158797","volume":"26","author":"CA Lozano","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lozano, C. A., Kaczmarek, K. A. & Santello, M. Electrotactile stimulation on the tongue: Intensity perception, discrimination and cross-modality estimation. Somatosens Mot Res 26, 50\u201363 (2009).","journal-title":"Somatosens Mot Res"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2012.0123","volume":"3","author":"JC Wildenberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wildenberg, J. C., Tyler, M. E., Danilov, Y. P., Kaczmarek, K. A. & Meyerand, M. E. Altered connectivity of the balance processing network after tongue stimulation in balance-impaired individuals. Brain Connect 3, 87\u201397, 10.1089\/brain.2012.0123 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scient.2011.08.020","volume":"18","author":"KA Kaczmarek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kaczmarek, K. A. The tongue display unit (TDU) for electrotactile spatiotemporal pattern presentation. Sci Iran 18, 1476\u20131485, 10.1016\/j.scient.2011.08.020 (2011).","journal-title":"Sci Iran"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyler, M. E. et al. Non-invasive neuromodulation to improve gait in chronic multiple scleroris: a randomized double blind controlled pilot study. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation 11 (2014).","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-79"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2013.00077","volume":"7","author":"CD Markovitz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Markovitz, C. D., Tang, T. T. & Lim, H. H. Tonotopic and localized pathways from primary auditory cortex to the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. Front Neural Circuits 7, 77, 10.3389\/fncir.2013.00077 (2013).","journal-title":"Front Neural Circuits"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2012.00039","volume":"6","author":"CD Markovitz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Markovitz, C. D., Tang, T. T., Edge, D. P. & Lim, H. H. Three-dimensional brain reconstruction of in vivo electrode tracks for neuroscience and neural prosthetic applications. Front Neural Circuits 6, 39, 10.3389\/fncir.2012.00039 (2012).","journal-title":"Front Neural Circuits"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903570112","volume":"357","author":"MS Malmierca","year":"1995","unstructured":"Malmierca, M. S., Rees, A., Le Beau, F. E. & Bjaalie, J. G. Laminar organization of frequency-defined local axons within and between the inferior colliculi of the guinea pig. J Comp Neurol 357, 124\u2013144 (1995).","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000362","volume":"132","author":"MN Wallace","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wallace, M. N., Rutkowski, R. G. & Palmer, A. R. Identification and localisation of auditory areas in guinea pig cortex. Exp Brain Res 132, 445\u2013456 (2000).","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902820402","volume":"282","author":"H Redies","year":"1989","unstructured":"Redies, H., Sieben, U. & Creutzfeldt, O. D. Functional subdivisions in the auditory cortex of the guinea pig. J Comp Neurol 282, 473\u2013488 (1989).","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"BFsrep09462_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stux, G., Berman, B. & Pomeranz, B. Basics of acupuncture. 5th edn, (Springer-Verlag, 2003).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-18988-3"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep09462","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep09462.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep09462.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]],"date-time":"2024-06-08T00:59:08Z","timestamp":1717808348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep09462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,25]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,14]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep09462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep09462","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 November 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2015","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2015","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9462"}}