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We investigated whether add-on memantine reduced cytokine levels and benefitted patients with opioid dependence undergoing methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) in a randomized, double-blind, controlled 12-week study. Patients were randomly assigned to a group: Memantine (5\u2009mg\/day) (n\u2009=\u200953) or Placebo (n\u2009=\u200975). The methadone dose required and retention in treatment were monitored. Plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b21 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were examined during weeks 0, 1, 4, 8 and 12. General linear mixed models were used to examine therapeutic effect. After 12 weeks, Memantine-group required a somewhat lower methadone dose than did Placebo-group (P\u2009=\u20090.039). They also had significantly lower plasma TNF-\u03b1 and significantly higher TGF-\u03b21 levels. We provide evidence of the benefit of add-on memantine in opioid dependent patients undergoing MMT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,19]],"date-time":"2015-05-19T16:13:49Z","timestamp":1432052029000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Low-dose memantine attenuated methadone dose in opioid-dependent patients: a 12-week double-blind randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Sheng-Yu","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiou-Lan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun-Hsuan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Po See","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"San-Yuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nian-Sheng","family":"Tzeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang-Jen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I Hui","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Yun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kao Chin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen Kuang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jau-Shyong","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ru-Band","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep10140_CR1","first-page":"CD002207","volume":"2","author":"RP Mattick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mattick, R. 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