{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:44:30Z","timestamp":1791945870754,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,19]],"date-time":"2015-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1431993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,19]],"date-time":"2015-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1431993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Communications using the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of radio waves have attracted much attention in recent years. In this paper, a novel millimeter-wave dual OAM mode antenna is cleverly designed, using which a 60\u2009GHz wireless communication link with two separate OAM channels is experimentally demonstrated. The main body of the dual OAM antenna is a traveling-wave ring resonator using two feeding ports fed by a 90\u00b0 hybrid coupler. A parabolic reflector is used to focus the beams. All the antenna components are fabricated by 3D printing technique and the electro-less copper plating surface treatment process. The performances of the antenna, such as S-parameters, near-fields, directivity and isolation between the two OAM modes are measured. Experimental results show that this antenna can radiate two coaxially propagating OAM modes beams simultaneously. The multiplexing and de-multiplexing are easily realized in the antennas themselves. The two OAM mode channels have good isolation of more than 20\u2009dB, thus ensuring the reliable transmission links at the same time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,19]],"date-time":"2015-05-19T12:15:05Z","timestamp":1432037705000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":226,"title":["Multiplexed Millimeter Wave Communication with Dual Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) Mode Antennas"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Xiaonan","family":"Hui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilie","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiping","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianmin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8185","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.45.8185","volume":"45","author":"L Allen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Allen, L., Beijersbergen, M. W., Spreeuw, R. J. C. & Woerdman, J. P. Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian modes. Phys. Rev. A 45, 8185\u20138190 (1992).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.200810007","volume":"2","author":"S Franke-Arnold","year":"2008","unstructured":"Franke-Arnold, S., Allen, L. & Padgett M. Advances in optical angular momentum. Laser & Photon. Rev. 2, 299\u2013313 (2008).","journal-title":"Laser & Photon. Rev."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.3.000161","volume":"3","author":"AM Yao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yao, A. M. & Padgett, M. J. Orbital angular momentum: origins, behavior and applications. Adv. Opt. Photon. 3, 161\u2013204 (2011).","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Photon"},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257901","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.88.257901","volume":"88","author":"J Leach","year":"2002","unstructured":"Leach, J., Padgett, M. J., Barnett, S. M., Sonja, F., & Courtial, J. Measuring the orbital angular momentum of a single photon. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 257901 (2002).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03491","volume":"3","author":"T Roger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roger, T., Heitz, J. J. F., Wright, E. M. & Faccio, D. Non-collinear interaction of photons with orbital angular momentum. Sci. Rep., 3, 3491 (2013).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19911138","volume":"27","author":"S Sato","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sato, S., Ishigure, M., Inaba, H., Optical trapping and rotational manipulation of microscopic particles and biological cells using higher-order mode Nd:YAG laser beams. Electon. Lett. 27, 1831\u20131832 (1991).","journal-title":"Electon. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5521","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.005521","volume":"15","author":"G Kn\u00f6ner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kn\u00f6ner, G., et al. Integrated optomechanical microelements. Opt. Expres. 15, 5521\u20135530 (2007).","journal-title":"Opt. Expres."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4713","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.78.4713","volume":"78","author":"T Kuga","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kuga, T., et al. Novel optical trap of atoms with a doughnut beam. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 4713 (1997).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1239936","volume":"341","author":"MPJ Lavery","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lavery, M. P. J., Speirits, F. C., Barnett, S. M. Padgett, M. J., Detection of a spinning object using light\u2019s orbital angular momentum. Science, 341, 537\u2013540 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/8\/6\/106","volume":"8","author":"KI Willig","year":"2006","unstructured":"Willig, K. I., Keller, J. Bossi, M. & Hell, S. W., STED microscopy resolves nanoparticle assemblies. New J. Phys. 8, 106\u2013113 (2006).","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-071811-150025","volume":"14","author":"TJ Gould","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gould, T. J., Hess, S. T. & Bewerdorf, J., Optical nanoscopy: from acquisition to analysis. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 14, 231\u2013254 (2012).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3548","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03548","volume":"3","author":"SK Goyal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goyal, S. K. & Konrad, T., Teleporting photonic qudits using multimode quantum scissors. Sci. Rep., 3, 3548 (2013).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6542","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06542","volume":"4","author":"F Tonolini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tonolini, F., Chan, S., Agnew, M., Lindasay, A., & Leach, J. Reconstructing high-dimensional two-photon entangled states via compressive sensing. Sci. Rep., 4, 6542 (2014).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5448","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.12.005448","volume":"12","author":"G Gibson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gibson, G., et al. Free-space information transfer using light beams carrying orbital angular momentum. Opt. Expres 12, 5448\u20135456 (2004).","journal-title":"Opt. Expres"},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1109\/MDAT.2014.2336217","volume":"31","author":"W Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu, W., et al. Exploration of electrical and novel optical chip-to-chip interconnects. IEEE, Design & Test, 31, 2168\u20132356 (2014).","journal-title":"IEEE, Design & Test"},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4856","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5856","volume":"5","author":"MJ Strain","year":"2014","unstructured":"Strain, M. J., et al. Fast electrical switching of orbital angular momentum modes using ultra-compact integrated vortex emitters. Nature Comm. 5, 4856 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature Comm."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1226528","volume":"338","author":"X Cai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cai, X. et al. Integrated compact optical vortex beam emitters. Science 338, 363\u2013366 (2012).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03853","volume":"4","author":"S Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li, S. & Wang, J., A compact trench-assisted multi-orbital-angular-momentum multi-ring fiber for ultrahigh-density space-division multiplexing (19 rings\u00d722 modes). Sci. Rep. 4, 3853 (2014).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2012.138","volume":"6","author":"J Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Terabit free-space data transmission employing orbital angular momentum multiplexing. Nature Photon. 6, 488\u2013496 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature Photon"},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"087701","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.99.087701","volume":"99","author":"B Thide","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thide, B. et al. Utilization of photon orbital angular momentum in the low frequency radio domain. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 087701 (2007).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2009.2037701","volume":"58","author":"SM Mohammadi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mohammadi, S. M. et al. Orbital angular momentum in radio\u2014a system study. IEEE Trans. Ant. Propag. 58, 565\u2013572 (2010).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ant. Propag."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RS4007","DOI":"10.1029\/2009RS004299","volume":"45","author":"SM Mohammadi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mohammadi, S. M. et al. Orbital angular momentum in radio: measurement methods. Radio Science, 45, RS4007 (2010).","journal-title":"Radio Science"},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"033001","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/14\/3\/033001","volume":"14","author":"F Tamburini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tamburini, F., et al. Encoding many channels on the same frequency through radio vorticity: first experimental test. New J. Phys. 14, 033001\u2013033017 (2012).","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2293","volume":"3","author":"P Genevet","year":"2012","unstructured":"Genevet, P., Lin, J., Kats, M. A. & Capasso, F. Holographic detection of the orbital angular momentum of light with plasmonic photodiodes. Nature Comm. 3, 1278\u20131283 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature Comm."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02237","volume":"3","author":"G Rui","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rui, G., Abeysinghe, D. C., Nelson, R. L. & Zhan, Q., Demonstration of beam steering via dipole-coupled plasmonic spiral antenna. Sci. Rep. 3, 2237 (2013).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02402","volume":"3","author":"A Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu, A., et al. Detecting orbital angular momentum through division-of-amplitude interference with a circular plasmonic lens. Sci. Rep. 3, 2402 (2013).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4018(96)00070-3","volume":"127","author":"GA Turnbull","year":"1996","unstructured":"Turnbull, G. A., Robertson, D. A., Smith, G. M., Allen, L., & Padgett, M. J., The generation of free-space Laguerre-Gaussian modes at millimeter-wave frequencies by use of a spiral phase plate. Opt. Commun. 127, 183\u2013188 (1996).","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171114","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4764546","volume":"101","author":"Y Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Yu, H., Wang, Z., & Wang, J., Light propagation in an optically active plate with topological charge. Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 171114\u2013171117 (2012).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211108","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3517519","volume":"97","author":"E Brasselet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brasselet, E., Malinauskas, M., \u017dukauskas, A. & Juodkazis, S., Photopolymerized microscopic vortex beam generators: Precise delivery of optical orbital angular momentum. Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 211108\u2013211110 (2010).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3659466","volume":"99","author":"F Tamburini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tamburini, F., Mari, E., Thid\u00e9, B. Barbieri, C. & Romanato, F., Experimantal verification of photon angular momentum and vorticity with radio techniques. Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 204102\u2013204104 (2011).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2013.2247735","volume":"12","author":"D Zelenchuk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zelenchuk, D. & Fusco, V., Split-ring FSS spiral phase plate. IEEE Anten. and Wireless Propag. Lett. 12, 284\u2013287 (2013).","journal-title":"IEEE Anten. and Wireless Propag. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"013101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3673334","volume":"100","author":"P Genevet","year":"2012","unstructured":"Genevet, P., et al. Ultra-thin plasmonic optical vortex plate based on phase discontinuities. Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 013101\u2013013103 (2012).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4700423","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2013.2241399","volume":"19","author":"N Yu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yu, N., et al. Flat optics: controlling wavefronts with optical antenna metasurfaces. IEEE, J. of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 19, 4700423\u20134700423 (2013).","journal-title":"IEEE, J. of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics"},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4814","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04814","volume":"4","author":"L Cheng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cheng, L., Hong, W. & Hao, Z., Generation of electromagnetic waves with arbitrary orbital angular momentum modes. Sci. Rep. 4, 4814 (2014).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1109\/WCL.2013.012513.120686","volume":"2","author":"FE Mahmouli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mahmouli, F. E. & Walker, S. D. 4-Gbps uncompressed video transmission over a 60-GHz orbital angular momentum wireless channel. IEEE Wireless Comm. Lett. 2, 223\u2013226 (2013).","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Comm. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.000626","volume":"39","author":"P Schemmel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schemmel, P., Maccalli, S., Pisano, G., Maffei, B., & Ng, M. Three-dimensional measurements of a millimeter wave orbital angular momentum vortex. Opt. Lett. 39, 626\u2013629 (2014).","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2014.2326525","volume":"13","author":"R Niemiec","year":"2014","unstructured":"Niemiec, R., Brousseau, C., Mahdjoubi, K., Emile, O., & M\u00e9nard, A., Characterization of an OAM flat-plate antenna in the millimeter frequency band. IEEE Anten. Wireless Propag. Lett. 13, 1011\u20131014 (2014).","journal-title":"IEEE Anten. Wireless Propag. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14712","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.014712","volume":"22","author":"P Schemmel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schemmel, P., Pisano, G., Maffei, B. & Modular Spiral phase plate design for orbital angular momentum generation at millimetre wavelengths. Opt. Expres. 22, 14712\u201314726 (2014).","journal-title":"Opt. Expres"},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2012.2664","volume":"48","author":"A Tennant","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tennant, A. & Allen, B., Generation of OAM radio waves using circular time-switched array antenna. Electon. Lett. 48, 1365\u20131366 (2012).","journal-title":"Electon. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR40","first-page":"1414","volume":"50","author":"Q Bai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bai, Q., Tennant, A. & Allen, B. Experimental circular phased array for generating OAM radial beams. IEEE Anten. and Wireless Propag. Lett. 50, 1414\u20131415 (2014).","journal-title":"IEEE Anten. and Wireless Propag. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.002652","volume":"39","author":"X Gao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gao, X., et al. Generating the orbital angular momentum of radio frequency signals using optical-true time-delay unit based on optical spectrum processor. Opt. Lett. 39, 2652\u20132655 (2014).","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, S., Zhang, X., Jin, X. & Chi, H., Orbital angular momentum generation using a circular wire loop antenna. International Photonics and OptoElectronics Meetings, paper OF3A.1, Wuhan, China, June 18-21, (2014).","DOI":"10.1364\/OEDI.2014.OF3A.1"},{"key":"BFsrep10148_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4876","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5876","volume":"5","author":"Y Yan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yan, Y., et al. High-capacity millimetre-wave communications with orbital angular momentum multiplexing. Nature Comm. 5, 4876 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature Comm."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep10148","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep10148.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep10148.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T09:11:38Z","timestamp":1672909898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep10148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,19]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,22]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep10148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep10148","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 December 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2015","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2015","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10148"}}