{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:12:20Z","timestamp":1772136740344,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]],"date-time":"2015-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]],"date-time":"2015-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by absence of the integral structural protein, dystrophin, which renders muscle fibres susceptible to injury and degeneration. This ultimately results in cardiorespiratory dysfunction, which is the predominant cause of death in DMD patients and highlights the importance of therapeutic targeting of the cardiorespiratory system. While there is some evidence to suggest that restoring dystrophin in the diaphragm improves both respiratory and cardiac function, the role of the diaphragm is not well understood. Here using exon skipping oligonucleotides we predominantly restored dystrophin in the diaphragm and assessed cardiac function by MRI. This approach reduced diaphragmatic pathophysiology and markedly improved diaphragm function but did not improve cardiac function or pathophysiology, with or without exercise. Interestingly, exercise resulted in a reduction of dystrophin protein and exon skipping in the diaphragm. This suggests that treatment regimens may require modification in more active patients. In conclusion, whilst the diaphragm is an important respiratory muscle, it is likely that dystrophin needs to be restored in other tissues, including multiple accessory respiratory muscles and of course the heart itself for appropriate therapeutic outcomes. This supports the requirement of a body-wide therapy to treat DMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]],"date-time":"2015-06-26T08:11:05Z","timestamp":1435306265000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Implications for Cardiac Function Following Rescue of the Dystrophic Diaphragm in a Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Corinne A.","family":"Betts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amer F.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn A.","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Muses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim E.","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzan M.","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Godfrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"McClorey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Woffindale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kieran","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominic J.","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Gait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew J. A.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2008.01.018","volume":"155","author":"DM Connuck","year":"2008","unstructured":"Connuck, D. M. et al. Characteristics and outcomes of cardiomyopathy in children with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy: a comparative study from the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry. Am Heart J 155, 998\u20131005, 10.1016\/j.ahj.2008.01.018 (2008).","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2005.08.017","volume":"16","author":"JO Benditt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Benditt, J. O. & Boitano, L. Respiratory support of individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: toward a standard of care. Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America 16, 1125\u20131139, xii, 10.1016\/j.pmr.2005.08.017 (2005).","journal-title":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/7.7.1083","volume":"7","author":"MG Dunckley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dunckley, M. G., Manoharan, M., Villiet, P., Eperon, I. C. & Dickson, G. Modification of splicing in the dystrophin gene in cultured Mdx muscle cells by antisense oligoribonucleotides. Hum Mol Genet 7, 1083\u20131090 (1998).","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8966(99)00010-3","volume":"9","author":"SD Wilton","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wilton, S. D. et al. Specific removal of the nonsense mutation from the mdx dystrophin mRNA using antisense oligonucleotides. Neuromuscul Disord 9, 330\u2013338, S0960896699000103 (1999).","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8966(02)00085-8","volume":"12","author":"G Dickson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dickson, G., Hill, V. & Graham, I. R. Screening for antisense modulation of dystrophin pre-mRNA splicing. Neuromuscul Disord 12 Suppl 1, S67\u201370 (2002).","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.112.1.135","volume":"112","author":"K Ohlendieck","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ohlendieck, K., Ervasti, J. M., Snook, J. B. & Campbell, K. P. Dystrophin-glycoprotein complex is highly enriched in isolated skeletal muscle sarcolemma. J Cell Biol 112, 135\u2013148 (1991).","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780092","volume":"80","author":"J Morrison","year":"2000","unstructured":"Morrison, J., Lu, Q. L., Pastoret, C., Partridge, T. & Bou-Gharios, G. T-cell-dependent fibrosis in the mdx dystrophic mouse. Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology 80, 881\u2013891 (2000).","journal-title":"Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(87)90219-X","volume":"80","author":"JW Carnwath","year":"1987","unstructured":"Carnwath, J. W. & Shotton, D. M. Muscular dystrophy in the mdx mouse: histopathology of the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles. J Neurol Sci 80, 39\u201354 (1987).","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2008.02.002","volume":"18","author":"M Ishizaki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ishizaki, M. et al. Mdx respiratory impairment following fibrosis of the diaphragm. Neuromuscul Disord 18, 342\u2013348, 10.1016\/j.nmd.2008.02.002 (2008).","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-8966(96)00357-4","volume":"6","author":"P Melacini","year":"1996","unstructured":"Melacini, P. et al. Cardiac and respiratory involvement in advanced stage Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 6, 367\u2013376 (1996).","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-004-0689-2","volume":"26","author":"C Kirchmann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kirchmann, C., Kececioglu, D., Korinthenberg, R. & Dittrich, S. Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic findings of cardiomyopathy in Duchenne and Becker-Kiener muscular dystrophies. Pediatric cardiology 26, 66\u201372, 10.1007\/s00246-004-0689-2 (2005).","journal-title":"Pediatric cardiology"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5273(90)90082-G","volume":"26","author":"G Nigro","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nigro, G., Comi, L. I., Politano, L. & Bain, R. J. The incidence and evolution of cardiomyopathy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Int J Cardiol 26, 271\u2013277 (1990).","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2008.157","volume":"20","author":"A Malerba","year":"2009","unstructured":"Malerba, A., Thorogood, F. C., Dickson, G. & Graham, I. R. Dosing regimen has a significant impact on the efficiency of morpholino oligomer-induced exon skipping in mdx mice. Hum Gene Ther 20, 955\u2013965, 10.1089\/hum.2008.157 (2009).","journal-title":"Hum Gene Ther"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2010.261","volume":"19","author":"A Malerba","year":"2011","unstructured":"Malerba, A. et al. Chronic systemic therapy with low-dose morpholino oligomers ameliorates the pathology and normalizes locomotor behavior in mdx mice. Mol Ther 19, 345\u2013354, 10.1038\/mt.2010.261 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1345","volume":"12","author":"J Alter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alter, J. et al. Systemic delivery of morpholino oligonucleotide restores dystrophin expression bodywide and improves dystrophic pathology. Nat Med 12, 175\u2013177, nm1345 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406700102","volume":"102","author":"QL Lu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lu, Q. L. et al. Systemic delivery of antisense oligoribonucleotide restores dystrophin expression in body-wide skeletal muscles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102, 198\u2013203, 10.1073\/pnas.0406700102 (2005).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2011.58","volume":"19","author":"M Ishizaki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ishizaki, M. et al. Rescue from respiratory dysfunction by transduction of full-length dystrophin to diaphragm via the peritoneal cavity in utrophin\/dystrophin double knockout mice. Mol Ther 19, 1230\u20131235, 10.1038\/mt.2011.58 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq477","volume":"20","author":"A Crisp","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crisp, A. et al. Diaphragm rescue alone prevents heart dysfunction in dystrophic mice. Hum Mol Genet 20, 413\u2013421, 10.1093\/hmg\/ddq477 (2011).","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21783","volume":"42","author":"JM Costas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Costas, J. M., Nye, D. J., Henley, J. B. & Plochocki, J. H. Voluntary exercise induces structural remodeling in the hearts of dystrophin-deficient mice. Muscle Nerve 42, 881\u2013885, 10.1002\/mus.21783 (2010).","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2008.120","volume":"16","author":"N Jearawiriyapaisarn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jearawiriyapaisarn, N. et al. Sustained dystrophin expression induced by peptide-conjugated morpholino oligomers in the muscles of mdx mice. Mol Ther 16, 1624\u20131629, 10.1038\/mt.2008.120 (2008).","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3909","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn293","volume":"17","author":"H Yin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yin, H. et al. Cell-penetrating peptide-conjugated antisense oligonucleotides restore systemic muscle and cardiac dystrophin expression and function. Hum Mol Genet 17, 3909\u20133918, 10.1093\/hmg\/ddn293 (2008).","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mt.6300245","volume":"15","author":"S Fletcher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fletcher, S. et al. Morpholino oligomer-mediated exon skipping averts the onset of dystrophic pathology in the mdx mouse. Mol Ther 15, 1587\u20131592, 10.1038\/sj.mt.6300245 (2007).","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3710","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.8.3710","volume":"90","author":"BJ Petrof","year":"1993","unstructured":"Petrof, B. J., Shrager, J. B., Stedman, H. H., Kelly, A. M. & Sweeney, H. L. Dystrophin protects the sarcolemma from stresses developed during muscle contraction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90, 3710\u20133714 (1993).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2006.09.016","volume":"16","author":"JG Quinlan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Quinlan, J. G. et al. Poloxamer 188 failed to prevent exercise-induced membrane breakdown in mdx skeletal muscle fibers. Neuromuscul Disord 16, 855\u2013864, 10.1016\/j.nmd.2006.09.016 (2006).","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potter, L. R., Yoder, A. R., Flora, D. R., Antos, L. K. & Dickey, D. M. Natriuretic peptides: their structures, receptors, physiologic functions and therapeutic applications. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. 341\u2013366, 10.1007\/978-3-540-68964-5_15 (2009).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-68964-5_15"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15565","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002178107","volume":"107","author":"J Kuroda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuroda, J. et al. NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) is a major source of oxidative stress in the failing heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107, 15565\u201315570, 10.1073\/pnas.1002178107 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2008.03.008","volume":"18","author":"CF Spurney","year":"2008","unstructured":"Spurney, C. F. et al. Dystrophin-deficient cardiomyopathy in mouse: expression of Nox4 and Lox are associated with fibrosis and altered functional parameters in the heart. Neuromuscul Disord 18, 371\u2013381, 10.1016\/j.nmd.2008.03.008 (2008).","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000118683.99628.42","volume":"24","author":"L Loufrani","year":"2004","unstructured":"Loufrani, L. et al. Absence of dystrophin in mice reduces NO-dependent vascular function and vascular density: total recovery after a treatment with the aminoglycoside gentamicin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24, 671\u2013676, 10.1161\/01.ATV.0000118683.99628.42 (2004).","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(21)00498-6","volume":"9","author":"A De Troyer","year":"1988","unstructured":"De Troyer, A. & Estenne, M. Functional anatomy of the respiratory muscles. Clinics in chest medicine 9, 175\u2013193 (1988).","journal-title":"Clinics in chest medicine"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.6.864","volume":"103","author":"L Loufrani","year":"2001","unstructured":"Loufrani, L. et al. Flow (shear stress)-induced endothelium-dependent dilation is altered in mice lacking the gene encoding for dystrophin. Circulation 103, 864\u2013870 (2001).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000047505.11002.81","volume":"91","author":"L Loufrani","year":"2002","unstructured":"Loufrani, L., Levy, B. I. & Henrion, D. Defect in microvascular adaptation to chronic changes in blood flow in mice lacking the gene encoding for dystrophin. Circ Res 91, 1183\u20131189 (2002).","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.301172","volume":"33","author":"M Palladino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Palladino, M. et al. Angiogenic impairment of the vascular endothelium: a novel mechanism and potential therapeutic target in muscular dystrophy. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis and vascular biology 33, 2867\u20132876, 10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.301172 (2013).","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis and vascular biology"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddl151","volume":"15","author":"K Ito","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ito, K. et al. Smooth muscle-specific dystrophin expression improves aberrant vasoregulation in mdx mice. Hum Mol Genet 15, 2266\u20132275, 10.1093\/hmg\/ddl151 (2006).","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1089\/nat.2011.0306","volume":"21","author":"A Malerba","year":"2011","unstructured":"Malerba, A., Boldrin, L. & Dickson, G. Long-term systemic administration of unconjugated morpholino oligomers for therapeutic expression of dystrophin by exon skipping in skeletal muscle: implications for cardiac muscle integrity. Nucleic Acid Ther 21, 293\u2013298, 10.1089\/nat.2011.0306 (2011).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acid Ther"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e806","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000806","volume":"2","author":"A Asai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Asai, A. et al. Primary role of functional ischemia, quantitative evidence for the two-hit mechanism and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor therapy in mouse muscular dystrophy. PLoS One 2, e806, 10.1371\/journal.pone.0000806 (2007).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e69567","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069567","volume":"8","author":"M Mosqueira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mosqueira, M., Baby, S. M., Lahiri, S. & Khurana, T. S. Ventilatory chemosensory drive is blunted in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). PLoS One 8, e69567, 10.1371\/journal.pone.0069567 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1038\/mtna.2012.30","volume":"1","author":"C Betts","year":"2012","unstructured":"Betts, C. et al. Pip6-PMO, A New Generation of Peptide-oligonucleotide Conjugates With Improved Cardiac Exon Skipping Activity for DMD Treatment. Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids 1, e38, 10.1038\/mtna.2012.30 (2012).","journal-title":"Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2011.79","volume":"19","author":"H Yin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yin, H. et al. Pip5 transduction peptides direct high efficiency oligonucleotide-mediated dystrophin exon skipping in heart and phenotypic correction in mdx mice. Mol Ther 19, 1295\u20131303, 10.1038\/mt.2011.79 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"BFsrep11632_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28569","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028569","volume":"7","author":"DJ Stuckey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stuckey, D. J. et al. In vivo MRI Characterization of Progressive Cardiac Dysfunction in the mdx Mouse Model of Muscular Dystrophy. PLoS One 7, e28569, 10.1371\/journal.pone.0028569 PONE-D-11\u201308745 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep11632","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep11632.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep11632.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T09:01:44Z","timestamp":1672909304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep11632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,18]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep11632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep11632","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.725591007.793521791","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 January 2015","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2015","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2015","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"CAB, AFS, MJG and MJAW declare as inventors and SMH as contributor to a licensed patent applications for rival Pip peptides as conjugates for PMO37,38 but not used in the current study. DJW is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board for Akashi Therapeutics, a firm developing non-antisense based treatments for DMD. CAC, SM, KEW, CG, GM, CW and KC declare no conflict of interest","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11632"}}