{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T23:22:46Z","timestamp":1778628166051,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,2]],"date-time":"2015-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435795200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,2]],"date-time":"2015-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human norovirus infects humans through the consumption of contaminated food, contact with the excrement or vomit of an infected person and through airborne droplets that scatter the virus through the air. Being highly infectious and highly viable in the environment, inactivation of the norovirus requires a highly effective inactivating agent. In this study, we have discovered the thermal denaturing capacity of a lysozyme with known antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, as well as its inactivating effect on murine norovirus. This study is the first report on the norovirus-inactivating effects of a thermally denatured lysozyme. We observed that lysozymes heat-treated for 40\u2009min at 100\u2009\u00b0C caused a 4.5 log reduction in infectivity of norovirus. Transmission electron microscope analysis showed that virus particles exposed to thermally denatured lysozymes were expanded, compared to the virus before exposure. The amino acid sequence of the lysozyme was divided into three sections and the peptides of each artificially synthesised, in order to determine the region responsible for the inactivating effect. These results suggest that thermal denaturation of the lysozyme changes the protein structure, activating the region responsible for imparting an inactivating effect against the virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,2]],"date-time":"2015-07-02T10:41:36Z","timestamp":1435833696000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Heat-Denatured Lysozyme Inactivates Murine Norovirus as a Surrogate Human Norovirus"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Hajime","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moemi","family":"Nakazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chihiro","family":"Ohshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoki","family":"Tsuchiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Kunou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Kuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bon","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep11819_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812000234","volume":"140","author":"JE Matthews","year":"2012","unstructured":"Matthews, J. E. et al. The epidemiology of published Norovirus outbreaks: a review of risk factors associated with attack rate and genogroup. Epidemiol. Infect. 140, 1161\u20131172 (2012).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"BFsrep11819_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1408.071114","volume":"14","author":"MM Patel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Patel, M. M. et al. Systematic literature review of role of Noroviruses in sporadic gastroenteritis. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14, 1224\u20131231 (2008).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFsrep11819_CR3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Norovirus clinical overview. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/norovirus\/hcp\/clinical-overview.html (2013) (last updated on Feb. 21, 2013), (Accessed on Nov. 16, 2014)."},{"key":"BFsrep11819_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S254","DOI":"10.1086\/315588","volume":"181","author":"RI Glass","year":"2000","unstructured":"Glass, R. 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