{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T20:45:53Z","timestamp":1789073153788,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,23]],"date-time":"2015-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,23]],"date-time":"2015-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fluorescent carbon nanomaterials, especially zero-dimensional (0D) carbon nanodots (CDs), are widely used in broad biological and optoelectronic applications. CDs have unique characteristics such as strong fluorescence, biocompatibility, sun-light response and capability of mass-production. Beyond the previous green CD obtained from harmful natural substances, we report a new type of fluid-based fluorescent CD paints (C-paints) derived from polyethylene glycol (PEG; via simple ultrasound irradiation at room temperatures) and produced in quantum yields of up to ~14%. Additionally, C-paints possess a strong, UV- and visible-light-responsive photoluminescent (PL) property. Most especially, C-paints, by incorporation into a photocatalytic system, show additional roles in the emission of fluorescent light for activation of TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>nanoparticles (NPs) and the resultant detoxification of most organic dyes, thus further enabling embarkation in advanced water purification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,23]],"date-time":"2015-07-23T10:06:15Z","timestamp":1437645975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Eco-friendly carbon-nanodot-based fluorescent paints for advanced photocatalytic systems"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"So","family":"Young Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun","family":"Uk Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Chul","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saehae","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dae","family":"Hyun Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee","family":"Sik Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunghee","family":"Bang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soonjoo","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soon","family":"Chang Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonghan","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byung-Chul","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mino","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jouhahn","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201200164","volume":"24","author":"S Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu, S. et al. Hydrothermal treatment of grass: a low-cost, green route to nitrogen-doped, carbon-rich, photoluminescent polymer nanodots as an effective fluorescent sensing platform for label-free detection of Cu(II) ions. Adv. Mater. 24, 2037\u20132041 (2012).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4976","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04976","volume":"4","author":"X Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li, X., Zhang, S., Kulinich, S. A., Liu, Y. & Zeng, H. Engineering surface states of carbon dots to achieve controllable luminescence for solid-luminescent composites and sensitive Be2+ detection. Sci. Rep. 4, 4976 (1-8) (2014).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1021\/nn401196a","volume":"7","author":"C Cha","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cha, C., Shin, S. R., Annabi, N., Dokmeci, M. R. & Khademhosseini, A. Carbon-based nanomaterials: multifuctional materials for biomedical engineering. ACS Nano 7, 2891\u20132897 (2013).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4430","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200906154","volume":"49","author":"H Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li, H. et al. Water-soluble fluorescent carbon quantum dots and photocatalyst design. Angew. Chem. \u2013Int. Edit. 49, 4430\u20134434 (2010).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. \u2013Int. Edit."},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4663","DOI":"10.1039\/c0jm04107f","volume":"21","author":"H Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li, H. et al. Carbon nanospheres for fluorescent biomolecular detection. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 4663\u20134668 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1021\/nn900546b","volume":"3","author":"J Lu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lu, J. et al. One-pot synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoribbons, nanoparticles and graphene by the exfoliation of graphite in ionic liquids. ACS Nano 3, 2367\u20132375 (2009).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11887","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CC04647A","volume":"50","author":"H Nakao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nakao, H., Tokonami, S., Yamamoto, Y., Shiigi, H. & Takeda, Y. Fluorescent carbon nanowires made by pyrolysis of DNA nanofibers and plasmon-assisted emission enhancement of their fluorescence. Chem. Commun. 50, 11887\u201311890 (2014).","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3697","DOI":"10.1021\/nl072014+","volume":"7","author":"LJ Carlson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carlson, L. J., Maccagnano, S. E., Zheng, M., Silcox, J. & Krauss, T. D. Fluorescence efficiency of individual carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett. 7, 3697\u20133703 (2007).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6726","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200906623","volume":"49","author":"SN Baker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baker, S. N. & Baker, G. A. Luminescent carbon nanodots: emergent nanolights. Angew. Chem. \u2013Int. Edit. 49, 6726\u20136744 (2010).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. \u2013Int. Edit."},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6473","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200701271","volume":"46","author":"H Liu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liu, H., Ye, T. & Mao, C. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles derived from candle soot. Angew. Chem. \u2013Int. Edit. 46, 6473\u20136475 (2007).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. \u2013Int. Edit."},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2011.03.041","volume":"49","author":"Q Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, Q. et al. Microwave-hydrothermal synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from graphite oxide. Carbon 49, 3134\u20133140 (2011).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1039\/c0nr00735h","volume":"3","author":"S Chandra","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chandra, S., Das, P., Bag, S., Laha, D. & Pramanik, P. Synthesis functionalization and bioimaging applications of highly fluorescent carbon nanoparticles. Nanoscale 3, 1533\u20131540 (2011).","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1021\/nn2046373","volume":"6","author":"Y Fang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fang, Y. et al. Easy Synthesis and imagining applications of cross-linked green fluorescent hollow carbon nanoparticles. ACS Nano 6, 400\u2013409 (2012).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18546","DOI":"10.1021\/jp905912n","volume":"113","author":"SC Ray","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ray, S. C., Saha, A., Jana, N. R. & Sarkar, R. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and bioimaging application. J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 18546\u201318551 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12381","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.201206791","volume":"124","author":"S Qu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Qu, S., Wang, X., Lu, Q., Liu, X. & Wang, L. A biocompatible fluorescent ink based on water-soluble luminescent carbon nanodots. Angew. Chem. \u2013Int. Edit. 124, 12381\u201312384 (2012).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. \u2013Int. Edit."},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31994","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA04264F","volume":"4","author":"M Sk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sk, M. & Chattopadhyay, A. Induction coil heater prepared highly fluorescent carbon dots as invisible ink and explosive sensor. RSC Adv. 4, 31994\u201331999 (2014).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14267","DOI":"10.1021\/ja905077c","volume":"131","author":"MC Baier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baier, M. C., Huber, J. & Mecking, S. Fluorescent conjugated polymer nanoparticles by polymerization in miniemulsion. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 14267\u201314273 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4925","DOI":"10.1039\/c3tc30701h","volume":"1","author":"L Zhu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhu, L., Yin, Y., Wang, C. F. & Chen, S. Plant leaf-derived fluorescent carbon dots for sensing, patterning and coding. J. Mater. Chem. C 1, 4925\u20134932 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1039\/b927255k","volume":"135","author":"LH Fischer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fischer, L. H., Borisov, S. M., Schaeferling, M., Klimant, I. & Wolfbeis, O. S. Dual sensing of pO2 and temperature using a water-based and sprayable fluorescent paint. Analyst 135, 1224\u20131229 (2010).","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201205133","volume":"52","author":"C Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu, C. & Chiu, D. T. Highly fluorescent semiconducting polymer dots for biology and medicine. Angew. Chem. \u2013Int. Edit. 52, 3086\u20133109 (2013).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. \u2013Int. Edit."},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TC02140A","volume":"3","author":"MK Mishra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mishra, M. K., Chakravarty, A. Bhowmik, K. & De, G. Carbon nanodot-ORMOSIL fluorescent paint and films. J. Mater. Chem. C 3, 714\u2013719 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1021\/nn900144n","volume":"3","author":"EE Lees","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lees, E. E., Nguyen, T. L., Clayton, A. H. A. & Mulvaney, P. The preparation of colloidally stable, water-soluble, biocompatible, semiconductor nanocrystals with a small hydrodynamic diameters. ACS Nano 3, 1121\u20131128 (2009).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1021\/am500159p","volume":"6","author":"SY Park","year":"2014","unstructured":"Park, S. Y. et al. Photoluminescent green carbon nanodots from food-waste-derived sources: large-scale synthesis, properties and biomedical applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 3365\u20133370 (2014).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4665","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04665","volume":"4","author":"HU Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee, H. U. et al. Photoluminescent carbon nanotags from harmful cyanobacteria for drug delivery and imagining in cancer cells. Sci. Rep. 4, 4665 (2014).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1021\/nn500368m","volume":"8","author":"L Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, L. et al. Common origin of green luminescence in carbon nanodots and graphene quantum dots. ACS Nano 8, 2541\u20132547 (2014).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2011.04.012","volume":"96","author":"HU Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee, H. U. et al. Long-term aging characteristics of atmospheric-plasma-treated poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) films and fibres. Polym. Deg. Stab. 96, 1204\u20131209 (2011).","journal-title":"Polym. Deg. Stab."},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W. W. et al. Cu-N dopants boost electron transfer and photooxidation reactions of carbon dots. Angew. Chem. \u2013Int. Edit., 10.1002\/anie.201501912 (2015).","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201501912"},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7756","DOI":"10.1021\/ja062677d","volume":"128","author":"YP Sun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sun, Y. P. et al. Quantum-sized carbon dots for bright and colorful photoluminescence. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 7756\u20137757 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200901884","volume":"20","author":"H Zeng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zeng, H. et al. Blue Luminescence of ZnO Nanoparticles Based on Non-Equilibrium Processes: Defect Origins and Emission Controls. Adv. Funct. Mater. 20, 561\u2013572 (2010).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6740","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06740","volume":"23","author":"HU Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee, H. U. et al. Innovative three-dimensional (3D) eco-TiO2 photocatalysts for practical environmental and bio-medical applications. Sci. Rep. 23, 6740 (1-8) (2014).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2014.08.043","volume":"189","author":"PY Lin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin, P. Y. et al. Eco-friendly synthesis of shrimp egg-derived carbon dots for fluorescent bioimaging. J. Biotechnol. 189, 114\u2013119 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.04.028","volume":"258","author":"HU Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee, H. U. et al. Influence of visible-light irradiation on physicochemical and photocatalytic properties of nitrogen-doped three-dimensional (3D) titanium dioxide. J. Hazard. Mater. 258, 10\u201318 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5031","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm15965a","volume":"22","author":"S Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu, S., Guo, E. & Yin, L. Tailored visible-light driven anatase TiO2 photocatalysts based on controllable metal ion doping and ordered mesoporous structure. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 5031\u20135041 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"BFsrep12420_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2012.09.010","volume":"129","author":"HU Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee, H. U. et al. Highly visible-light active nanoporous TiO2 photocatalysts for efficient solar photocatalytic applications. Appl. Catal. B- Environ. 129, 106\u2013113 (2013).","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B- Environ."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep12420","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep12420.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep12420.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]],"date-time":"2023-08-12T12:46:52Z","timestamp":1691844412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep12420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,23]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,18]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep12420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep12420","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 March 2015","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2015","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2015","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12420"}}