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Stimulation of the vagus nerve increases fibrogenic cytokines in humans, therefore, activation of the nerve may promote PF. The hypothesis was tested by comparing the extent and severity of fibrosis in lungs with and without vagal innervation in unilaterally vagotomized mice. The results show that in vagotomized lungs, there were less collagen staining, less severe fibrotic foci (subpleural, peri-vascular and peri-bronchiolar lesions) and destruction of alveolar architecture; decreased collagen deposition (denervated vs intact: COL1\u03b11, 19.1\u2009\u00b1\u20092.2 vs 22.0\u2009\u00b1\u20092.6\u2009ng\/mg protein; COL1\u03b12, 4.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3 vs 5.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u2009ng\/mg protein; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01, n\u2009=\u200921) and protein levels of transforming growth factor beta and interleukin 4; and fewer myofibroblast infiltration (denervated vs intact: 1.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2 vs 3.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6 cells\/visual field; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05, n\u2009=\u20096) and M2 macrophages [though the infiltration of macrophages was increased (denervated vs intact: 112\u2009\u00b1\u20098 vs 76\u2009\u00b1\u20099 cells\/visual field; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01, n\u2009=\u20096), the percentage of M2 macrophages was decreased (denervated vs intact: 31\u2009\u00b1\u20094 vs 57\u2009\u00b1\u20099%; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05, n\u2009=\u20095)]. It indicated that the vagus nerve may influence PF by enhancing fibrogenic factors and fibrogenic cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,20]],"date-time":"2015-08-20T05:31:07Z","timestamp":1440048667000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Vagotomy attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Nana","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad","family":"Shaheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Proctor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Roman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep13419_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3109\/08977194.2011.595714","volume":"29","author":"A Biernacka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Biernacka, A., Dobaczewski, M. & Frangogiannis, N. 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