{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T17:01:05Z","timestamp":1794330065294,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,4]],"date-time":"2015-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441324800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,4]],"date-time":"2015-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is the common cause of chronic cough in children worldwide, but its etiology has not been fully recognized in China. We retrospectively investigated a total of 66 hospitalized infants under the age of three years with chronic wet cough enrolled in the Affiliated Children\u2019s Hospital of Soochow University from October 2010 to March 2014. All patients underwent bronchoscopy and broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) samples were processed for microbiological and cytological analysis. Of 66 patients with wet cough, 50 (75.8%) were diagnosed with PBB. In the PBB group, wet cough was accompanied by wheezing (90%). Airway malacia were identified in 22 cases (44%). The clinical manifestations of PBB with airway malacia did not differ from those without malacia. Haemophilus influenzae (47.4%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (36.8%) were the most commonly identified pathogens. Furthermore, CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells were significantly lower in the PBB group (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), while CD19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD16<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD23<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells were elevated (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) in the PBB group. Our study revealed PBB is an important cause of chronic wet cough in Chinese infants and that changes of lymphocyte subsets are observed in children with PBB. Airway malacia frequently co-existed with PBB, but did not exacerbate the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,4]],"date-time":"2015-09-04T11:41:05Z","timestamp":1441366865000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Clinical characteristics of protracted bacterial bronchitis in Chinese infants"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuangli","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"FanFan","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingmei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiquan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meijuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongdong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejun","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-9974-9-18","volume":"9","author":"K Lai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lai, K., Pan, J., Chen, R., Liu, B. Luo, W. & Zhong, N. Epidemiology of cough in relation to China. Cough. 9, 18 (2013).","journal-title":"Cough"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.1_suppl.1S","volume":"129","author":"RS Irwin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Irwin, R. S. Diagnosis and Management of Cough Executive Summary: ACCP Evidence Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 129, 1S\u201323S (2006).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR3","unstructured":"Clinical Research Coordination Group of the Causes Constituents Ratio of Chronic Cough in Chinese Children. Prospective multicenter clinical study on the causes constituents ratio of chronic cough in Chinese children. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 50, 83\u201392 (2012)."},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20906","volume":"43","author":"JM Marchant","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marchant, J. M. et al. Prospective assessment of protracted bacterial bronchitis: airway inflammation and innate. Pediatr Pulmonol. 43, 1092\u20139 (2008).","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-0885","volume":"134","author":"S Asilsoy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Asilsoy, S. et al. Evaluation of chronic cough in children. Chest. 134, 1122\u201328 (2008).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00290.x","volume":"184","author":"AB Chang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chang, A. B. et al. Cough in children: definitions and clinical evaluation. Med J Aust. 184, 398\u2013403 (2006).","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR7","first-page":"iii1","volume":"63","author":"MD Shields","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shields, M. D., Bush, A., Everard, M. L., McKenzie, S. A. & Primhak, R. British. Thoracic Society Guidelines Recommendations for the assessment and management of cough in children. Thorax. 63, iii1\u2013iii15 (2008).","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20821","volume":"43","author":"AB Chang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chang, A. B., Redding, G. J. & Everard, M. L. Chronic wet cough: Protracted bronchitis, chronic suppurative lung disease and bronchiectasis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 43, 519\u201331 (2008)","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-302760","volume":"98","author":"V Craven","year":"2013","unstructured":"Craven, V. & Everard, M. L. Protracted bacterial bronchitis: Reinventing an old disease. Arch Dis Child. 98, 72\u20136 (2013).","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR10","first-page":"1","volume":"81","author":"SP Paul","year":"2014","unstructured":"Paul, S. P. & Hilliard, T. The importance of recognizing protracted bacterial bronchitis in children. QPediatr. 81, 1\u20133 (2014).","journal-title":"QPediatr"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.1_suppl.260S","volume":"129","author":"AB Chang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chang, A. B. & Glomb, W. B. Guidelines for evaluating chronic cough in pediatrics: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 129, 260S\u201383S (2006).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.12.004","volume":"156","author":"AB Goldsobel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goldsobel, A. B. & Chipps, B. E. Cough in the pediatric population. J Pediatr. 156, 352\u20138 (2010).","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03504.x","volume":"192","author":"PG Gibson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gibson, P. G. et al. CICADA: Cough in Children and Adults: Diagnosis and Assessment. Australian cough guidelines summary statement. Med J Aust. 192, 265\u201371 (2010).","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-2442","volume":"145","author":"DF Wurzel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wurzel, D. F. et al. Prospective Characterisation of Protracted Bacterial Bronchitis (PBB) in Children. Chest 145, 1271\u20138 (2014).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.058933","volume":"62","author":"D Donnelly","year":"2007","unstructured":"Donnelly, D., Critchlow, A. & Everard, M. L. Outcomes in children treated for persistent bacterial bronchitis. Thorax. 62, 80\u201384 (2007).","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2725","volume":"142","author":"AB Chang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chang, A. B. et al. A multicenter study on chronic cough in children: Burden and etiologies based on a standardized management pathway. Chest. 142, 943\u201350 (2012).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.5.1132","volume":"129","author":"JM Marchant","year":"2006","unstructured":"Marchant, J. M. et al. Evaluation and outcome of young children with chronic cough. Chest. 129, 1132\u201341 (2006).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.2174\/157339605774575015","volume":"1","author":"AB Chang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chang, A. B. Defining the cough spectrum and reviewing the evidence for treating non-specific cough in children. Curr Pediatr Rev. 1, 283\u201396 (2005).","journal-title":"Curr Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00290.x","volume":"184","author":"A Chang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chang, A. et al. Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand Position Statement. Cough in children: definitions and clinical evaluation. Med J Aust. 184, 398\u2013403 (2006).","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR20","unstructured":"Clinical Research Coordination Group of Chronic Cough, The Subspecialty Group of Respiratory Diseases, The Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association; Editorial Board, Chinese Journal of Pediatrics. Guideline for diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough in Chinese children. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 52, 184\u20138 (2014)."},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.1.7599817","volume":"152","author":"J Riedler","year":"1995","unstructured":"Riedler, J., Grigg, J., Stone, C., Tauro, G. & Robertson, C. F. Bronchoalveolar lavage cellularity in healthy children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 152, 163\u201368 (1995).","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-3050","volume":"140","author":"K Douros","year":"2011","unstructured":"Douros, K. et al. Bronchoscopic and high-resolution CT scan findings in children with chronic wet cough. Chest. 140, 317\u201323 (2011).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR23","unstructured":"Subspecialty Group of Respiratory Diseases Society of Pediatrics; Chinese Medical Association; Chinese Journal of Pediatrics Editorial Board. Guideline for the diagnosis and optimal management of asthma in children. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 46, 745\u201353 (2008)."},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20906","volume":"43","author":"JM Marchant","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marchant, J. M. et al. Prospective Assessment of Protracted Bacterial Bronchitis: Airway Inflammation and Innate Immune Activation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 43, 1092\u20139 (2008).","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.3.791","volume":"122","author":"M Le Bourgeois","year":"2002","unstructured":"Le Bourgeois, M. et al. Bronchoalveolar cells in children &lt;3 years old with severe recurrent wheezing. Chest. 122, 791\u20137 (2002).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.06.049","volume":"160","author":"M Kompare","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kompare, M. & Weinberger, M. Protracted bacterial bronchitis in young children: association with airway malacia. J Pediatr. 160, 88\u201392 (2012).","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-83","volume":"12","author":"I De Schutter","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Schutter, I. et al. In young children, persistent wheezing is associated with bronchial bacterial infection: a retrospective analysis. BMC Pediatr. 12, 83 (2012).","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e364","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0805","volume":"129","author":"D Zgherea","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zgherea, D. et al. Bronchoscopic findings in children with chronic wet cough. Pediatrics. 129, e364\u20139 (2012).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0910061","volume":"363","author":"JV Fahy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fahy, J. V. & Dickey, B. F. Airway mucus function and dysfunction. N Eng J Med. 363, 2233\u201347 (2010).","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.2000.16f15.x","volume":"16","author":"PS Fitch","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fitch, P. S. et al. Chronic cough in children: bronchoalveolar lavage findings. Eur Respir J. 16, 1109\u201314 (2000).","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-201506","volume":"67","author":"JM Marchant","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marchant, J. M. et al. Evaluation and outcome of young children with chronic cough. Marchant J, Masters IB, Champion A, Petsky H, & Chang AB. Randomised controlled trial of amoxycillin clavulanate in children with chronic wet cough. Thorax. . 67, 689\u201393 (2012).","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-201506","volume":"67","author":"J Marchant","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marchant, J., Masters, I. B., Champion, A., Petsky, H. & Chang, A. B. Randomised controlled trial of amoxycillin clavulanate in children with chronic wet cough. Thorax. 67, 689\u201393 (2012).","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462e6","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.11020462","volume":"11","author":"AB Chang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chang, A. B., Newman, R. G., Carlin, J. B., Phelan, P. D. & Robertson, C. F. Subjective scoring of cough in children: parent-completed vs. child-completed diary cards vs. an objective method. Eur Respir J. 11, 462e6 (1998).","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.056986","volume":"61","author":"JM Marchant","year":"2006","unstructured":"Marchant, J. M., Masters, I. B., Taylor, S. M. & Chang, A. B. Utility of signs and symptoms of chronic cough in predicting specific cause in children. Thorax. 61, 694\u2013698 (2006).","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"BFsrep13731_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00.15121700","volume":"15","author":"J de Blic","year":"2000","unstructured":"de Blic J. et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in children. ERS Task Force on bronchoalveolar lavage in children. European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J. 15, 217\u201331 (2000).","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep13731","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep13731.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep13731.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T23:45:09Z","timestamp":1672962309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep13731"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,4]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,26]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep13731"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep13731","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 March 2015","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2015","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2015","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"13731"}}